Ch 7-12 | BIO 104 - Biology for the 21st Century, Quizzes of Biology

Download Ch 7-12 | BIO 104 - Biology for the 21st Century and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) DEFINITION 1 The molecule of heredity, common to all life forms, that is passed from parents to offspring. TERM 2 Chromosome DEFINITION 2 A single, large DNA molecule wrapped around proteins. They are located in the nuclei of most eukaryotic cells. TERM 3 Nucleotides DEFINITION 3 The building blocks of DNA. Each one consistsof a sugar, a phosphate, and a base. The sequence of ______ (A-C-G-T) along a DNA strand is unique to each person. TERM 4 Double Helix DEFINITION 4 Thespiralstructure formed by twostrandsof DNA nucleotides bound together. TERM 5 DNA Profile DEFINITION 5 A visualrepresentationof a person's unique DNA sequence. TERM 6 DNA Polymerase DEFINITION 6 An enzyme that "reads" thesequenceof a DNA strand and helps to add complementary nucleotides to form a new strand during DNA replication. TERM 7 Semi-Conservative DEFINITION 7 DNA replication is said to be semi-conservative because each newly made DNA molecule has one original and one new strand of DNA. TERM 8 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) DEFINITION 8 A laboratorytechniqueused to replicate, and thus amplify, aspecificDNA segment. TERM 9 DNA Replication DEFINITION 9 The natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a DNA molecule. TERM 10 Complementary DEFINITION 10 Two strands of DNA are said to be complementary in that A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C. TERM 21 Genotype DEFINITION 21 The genetic make-up of an organism. TERM 22 Phenotype DEFINITION 22 The physical attributes of an organism, including both observable and internal or non-observable traits. TERM 23 Alleles DEFINITION 23 Alternative versions of the same gene that have different nucleotide sequences. TERM 24 Regulatory Sequence DEFINITION 24 The part of the gene that determines the timing, amount, and location of protein produced. TERM 25 Coding Sequence DEFINITION 25 The part of a gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. Coding sequences determine the identity, shape, and function of the proteins. TERM 26 Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) DEFINITION 26 A organism that has been genetically altered by humans. TERM 27 Gene Therapy DEFINITION 27 A type of treatment that aims to cure disease by replacing defective genes with functional ones. TERM 28 Transcription DEFINITION 28 The first stage of gene expression, during which cells produce molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the instructions encoded within genes. TERM 29 Translation DEFINITION 29 The second stage of gene expression. Translation "reads" mRNA sequences and assembles the corresponding amino acids to make a protein. TERM 30 Messenger RNA (mRNA) DEFINITION 30 The RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during transcription. TERM 31 RNA Polymerase DEFINITION 31 The enzyme that accomplishes transcription. It copies a strand of DNA into a complementary strand of mRNA. TERM 32 Ribosome DEFINITION 32 The cellular machinery that assembles proteins during the process of translation. TERM 33 Codon DEFINITION 33 A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid. TERM 34 Transfer RNA (tRNA) DEFINITION 34 A type of RNA that helps ribosomes assemble chains of amino acids during translation. TERM 35 Anticodon DEFINITION 35 The part of a tRNA molecule that binds to a complementary mRNA codon. TERM 46 Prometaphase DEFINITION 46 Phase of mitosis following prophase and preceding metaphase, in eukaryotic somatic cells. TERM 47 Metaphase DEFINITION 47 Stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which condensed and highly coiled chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells. TERM 48 Anaphase DEFINITION 48 Stage of mitosis or meiosis when chromosomes are split and the sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell. TERM 49 Telophase DEFINITION 49 Final stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell.Spindle fibers disassemble.Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, forming the daughter cell nuclei. TERM 50 Cell Cycle Checkpoint DEFINITION 50 A cellular mechanism that ensures that each stage of the cell cycles is completed accurately. TERM 51 Apoptosis DEFINITION 51 Programmed cell death; often referred to as cellular suicide. TERM 52 Metastasis DEFINITION 52 The spread of cancer cells from one location in the body to another. TERM 53 Radiation Therapy DEFINITION 53 The use of ionizing (high-energy) radiation to treat cancer. TERM 54 Mutation DEFINITION 54 A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. TERM 55 Mutagen DEFINITION 55 Any chemical or physical agent that can damage DNA by changing its nucleotide sequence. TERM 56 Carcinogen DEFINITION 56 Any chemical agent causes cancer by damaging DNA. They are a type of mutagen. TERM 57 Proto-Oncogene DEFINITION 57 A gene that codes for a protein that helps cells divide normally. TERM 58 Tumor Suppressor Genes DEFINITION 58 Genes that code for proteins that monitor and check cell cycle progression. When these genes mutate, tumor suppressor proteins lose normal function. TERM 59 Oncogene DEFINITION 59 A mutated and overactive form of a proto-oncogene. They drive cells to divide continually. TERM 60 Diploid DEFINITION 60 Having two copies of every chromosome. TERM 71 Recessive Allele DEFINITION 71 An allele that reveals itself in the phenotype only if the organism has two copies of that allele. TERM 72 Dominant Allele DEFINITION 72 An allele that can mask the presence of a recessive allele. TERM 73 Heterozygous DEFINITION 73 Having two different alleles. TERM 74 Homozygous DEFINITION 74 Having two identical alleles. TERM 75 Autosomes DEFINITION 75 Paired chromosomes present in both males and females; all chromosomes except the X and Y chromosomes. TERM 76 Sex Chromosomes DEFINITION 76 Paired chromosomes that differ between males and females, XX in females, XY in males. TERM 77 Y Chromosome DEFINITION 77 One of the two sex chromosomes in humans. Signals male developmental pathways during fetal development TERM 78 X Chromosome DEFINITION 78 One of the two sex chromosomes in humans. TERM 79 X-Linked Trait DEFINITION 79 A phenotype determined by an allele on an X chromosome. TERM 80 Incomplete Dominance DEFINITION 80 A form of inheritance in which heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive TERM 81 Codominance DEFINITION 81 A form of inheritance in which both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype. TERM 82 Polygenic Trait DEFINITION 82 A trait whose phenotype is determined by the interaction among alleles of more than one gene. TERM 83 Multifactorial Inheritance DEFINITION 83 An interaction between genes and the environment that contributes to a phenotype or trait. TERM 84 Aneuploidy DEFINITION 84 An abnormal number of one or more chromosomes (either extra of missing copies) TERM 85 Nondisjunction DEFINITION 85 Failure of chromosomes to separate accurately during cell division; In meiosis, it leads to aneuploid gametes.