ch 7 - respiratory system | CLAS 1030 - Medical Terminology, Quizzes of Medical Sciences

Download ch 7 - respiratory system | CLAS 1030 - Medical Terminology and more Quizzes Medical Sciences in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 carbon dioxide (CO2) DEFINITION 1 tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during the metabolic process A product of cell respiration, CO2, is carried by the blood to the lungs and exhaled TERM 2 cartilage DEFINITION 2 tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone the tip of the nose and the outer ear are composed of cartilage TERM 3 cilia DEFINITION 3 any hairlike structure Cilia in the trachea move particles upward to the pharynx, where they are removed by coughing, sneezing, or swallowing. This mechanism is called the cilia escalator. Habitual smoking destroys the cilia escalator TERM 4 diffuse DEFINITION 4 moving or spreading out of a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces TERM 5 homeostasis DEFINITION 5 state in which the regulatory mechanisms of the body maintain a constant internal environment The regulatory mechanisms of the body control temperature, acidity, and the concentration of salt, food, and waste products TERM 6 mucous membrane DEFINITION 6 moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment; also called mucosa TERM 7 oxygen (O2) DEFINITION 7 tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration O2 makes up about one fifth (by volume) of the atmosphere TERM 8 pH DEFINITION 8 Symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance Increasing acidity is expressed as a number less than 7; increasing alkalinity as a number greater than 7, with 7 being neutral TERM 9 septum DEFINITION 9 wall dividing two cavities, such as the nasal septum, which separates the two nostrils TERM 10 serous membrane DEFINITION 10 thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa TERM 21 pleural effusion DEFINITION 21 any abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity (space between visceral and parietal pleura) ex - serum (hydrothorax), pus (empyema or pyothorax), and blood (hemothorax) treatment - thoracocentesis - surgical puncture of the chest using a hollow-bore needle to remove excess fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes TERM 22 auscultation DEFINITION 22 listening of sounds made by organs of the body using a stethoscope TERM 23 percussion DEFINITION 23 gentle tapping of the chest with fingers and listening to the resultant sounds to determine the position, size, or consistency of the underlying structures TERM 24 transudate effusion DEFINITION 24 noninflammatory fluid that resembles serum but with slightly less protein results from imbalance in venous-arterial pressure or decrease of protein in blood common causes - left ventricular heart failure, liver disorders TERM 25 exudate effusion DEFINITION 25 usually high in protein and often contains blood and immune cells common causes - tumors, infections, and inflammation TERM 26 tuberculosis DEFINITION 26 communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis spreads by droplets of respiratory secretions from an infected individual when he/she coughs, laughs, or sneezes TERM 27 pneumonia DEFINITION 27 any inflammatory disease of the lungs that may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi S&S - chest pain, mucopurulent sputum, spitting of blood (hemoptysis) TERM 28 cystic fibrosis DEFINITION 28 hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands that cause the body to secrete extremely thick (viscous) mucus that clogs ducts of the pancreas and digestive tract digestion is impaired = malnutrition blocks ducts of sweat glands = "salty" skin mucus blocks airways in lungs = repeated infections treatment - aerosol mists, postural drainage sweat test can be used to see how much salt is in skin and diagnose TERM 29 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) DEFINITION 29 condition in which lungs no longer function effectively usually result of serious lung conditions - trauma, pneumonia, systemic infections, sepsis alveoli fill with fluid caused by inflammation and then collapse so oxygen exchange is impossible ex - hyaline membrane disease (HMD) TERM 30 hyaline membrane disease (HMD) DEFINITION 30 infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) form of respiratory distress syndrome most commonly seen in preterm infants or infants born to diabetic mothers caused by insufficient surfactant = alveoli collapse and breathing becomes labored signs - blueness of extremities, flaring of nostrils, central cyanosis, rapid breathing, intercostal retraction, grunt audible during exhalation x-ray - bilateral decrease in volume, alveolar consolidation TERM 31 acidosis DEFINITION 31 excessive acidity of body fluids respiratory acidosis is commonly associated with pulmonary insufficiency and the subsequent retention of carbon dioxide TERM 32 anosmia DEFINITION 32 absence of the sense of smell anosmia usually occurs as a temporary condition resulting from an upper respiratory infection or a condition that causes intranasal swelling TERM 33 apnea DEFINITION 33 temporary loss of breathing there are 3 types of apnea - obstructive (enlarged tonsils and adenoids), central (failure of the brain to transmit impulses for breathing), and mixed (combination of obstructive and central apnea) sleeping disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measurable blood deoxygenation TERM 34 asphyxia DEFINITION 34 condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen some common causes of asphyxia are drowning, electric shock, lodging of a foreign body in the respiratory tract, inhalation of toxic smoke, and poisoning TERM 35 atelectasis DEFINITION 35 collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affect all or part of a lung Atelectasis is a potential complication of some surgical procedures, especially those of the chest because breathing is commonly shallow after surgery to avoid pain from the surgical incision. In fetal atelectasis, the lungs fail to expand normally at birth TERM 46 hypoxia DEFINITION 46 deficiency of oxygen in tissues hypoxia is usually a sign of respiratory impairment TERM 47 pertussis DEFINITION 47 acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a "whoop" sound; also called whooping cough immunization of infants as part of the diphtheria- pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccination is effective in the prevention of pertussis TERM 48 pleurisy DEFINITION 48 inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis TERM 49 pneumoconiosis DEFINITION 49 disease caused by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust (anthracosis), stone dust (chalicosis), iron dust (siderosis), and asbestos particles (asbestosis) TERM 50 pulmonary edema DEFINITION 50 accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, caused most commonly by heart failure excessive fluid in the lungs induces coughing and dyspnea TERM 51 pulmonary embolus DEFINITION 51 blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria) TERM 52 rhonchus DEFINITION 52 abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation a rhoncus is described as a course, rattling noise that resembles snoring, commonly suggesting secretions in the larger airways TERM 53 stridor DEFINITION 53 high-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway the presence of stridor requires immediate intervention TERM 54 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) DEFINITION 54 completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than 12 months of age; also called crib death the rate of SIDS has decreased more than 30% since parents have been instructed to place babies on their backs for sleeping rather than on their stomachs TERM 55 wheeze DEFINITION 55 whistling or sighing sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway wheezing is a characteristic of asthma, croup, hay fever, obstructive emphysema, and other obstructive respiratory conditions TERM 56 Mantoux test DEFINITION 56 intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen a positive test suggests a past or present exposure to TB or past TB vaccinations. However, the Mantoux test does not differentiate between active and inactive infection TERM 57 oximetry DEFINITION 57 noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen; also called pulse oximetry in oximetry, a probe is attached to the patient's finger or ear lobe and linked to a computer that displays the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen TERM 58 polysomnography DEFINITION 58 test of sleep cycles and stages using continuous recordings of brain waves (EEGs), electrical activity of muscles, eye movement (electro-oculogram), respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm and sometimes direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera TERM 59 spirometry DEFINITION 59 measurement of ventilatory ability by assessing lung capacity and flow, including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air a spirometer produces a graphic record for placement in the patient's chart TERM 60 bronchoscopy DEFINITION 60 visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic or rigid) inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor attachments on the bronchoscope can be used to suction mucus, remove foreign bodies, collect sputum, or perform biopsy TERM 71 aerosol therapy DEFINITION 71 lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways. Techniques include nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), and dry powder inhalers (DPIs) Nebulizers change liquid medications into droplets to be inhaled through a mouthpiece. MDIs deliver a specific amount when activated. Children and the elderly can use a spacer to synchronize inhalation with medication release. A DPI is activated by a quick inhalation by the user TERM 72 lavage DEFINITION 72 irrigating or washing out of an organ, stomach, bladder, bowel, or body cavity with a stream of water or other fluid lavage of the paranasal sinuses is usually performed to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient or one with known sinusitis that has failed medical management TERM 73 antral lavage DEFINITION 73 irrigation of the antrum (maxillary sinus) in chronic or nonresponsive sinusitis TERM 74 postural drainage DEFINITION 74 positioning a patient so that gravity aids in drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs TERM 75 pleurectomy DEFINITION 75 excision of part of the pleura, usuallly parietal pleurectomy is performed to reduce pain caused by a tumor mass or to prevent the recurrence of pleural effusion but is generally ineffective in the treatment of malignancy of the pleura TERM 76 pneumectomy DEFINITION 76 excision of a lung the removal of a lobe of the lung is called a lobectomy TERM 77 rhinoplasty DEFINITION 77 reconstructive surgery of the nose to correct deformities or for cosmetic purposes TERM 78 septoplasty DEFINITION 78 surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures common complications of a deviated septum include interference with breathing and a predisposition to sinus infections TERM 79 thoracentesis DEFINITION 79 surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; also called pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis thoracentesis is performed as a diagnostic procedure to determine the nature and cause of an effusion or as a therapeutic procedure to relieve the discomfort caused by the effusion TERM 80 tracheostomy DEFINITION 80 surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted TERM 81 antihistamines DEFINITION 81 block histamines from binding with histamine receptor sites in tissues histamines cause sneezing, runny nose, itchiness, and rashes fexofenadine - Allegra loratadine - Claritin TERM 82 antitussives DEFINITION 82 relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain antitussives alleviate nonproductive dry coughs and should not be used with productive coughs hydrocodone - Hycodan dextromethorphan - Vicks Formula 44 TERM 83 bronchodilators DEFINITION 83 stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, thereby expanding air passages, resulting in increased air flow bronchodilators are used to treat chronic symptoms and prevent acute attacks in respiratory diseases, such as asthma and COPD. Phamacological agents may be delivered by an inhaler either orally or intravenously albuterol - Proventil, Ventolin salmeterol - Serevent TERM 84 corticosteroids DEFINITION 84 act on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions Corticosteroids are available as nasal sprays, in metered-dose- inhalers (inhaled steroids) and in oral forms (pills or syrups) to treat chronic lung conditions such as asthma and COPD beclomethasone dipropionate - Vanceril, Beclovent triamcinolone - Azmacort TERM 85 decongestants DEFINITION 85 constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways Decongestants are commonly prescribed for allergies and colds and are usually combined with antihistamines in cold remedies. They can be administered orally or topically as nasal sprays and nasal drops. oxymetazoline - Dristan pseudoephedrine - Drixoral, Sudafed