ch 8 - cardiovascular system | CLAS 1030 - Medical Terminology, Quizzes of Medical Sciences

Download ch 8 - cardiovascular system | CLAS 1030 - Medical Terminology and more Quizzes Medical Sciences in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 autonomic nervous system (ANS) DEFINITION 1 portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntary actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis TERM 2 leaflet DEFINITION 2 thin, flattened structure; term used to describe the leaf- shaped structure that compose a heart valve TERM 3 lumen DEFINITION 3 tubular space or channel within any organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube TERM 4 regurgitation DEFINITION 4 backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening TERM 5 sphincter DEFINITION 5 circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening TERM 6 vasoconstriction DEFINITION 6 narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes TERM 7 vasodilation DEFINITION 7 widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular wall TERM 8 viscosity DEFINITION 8 state of being sticky or gummy a solution that has a high viscosity is relatively thick and flows slowly TERM 9 layers of arteries DEFINITION 9 tunica externa - outer coat composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility tunica media - middle layer composed of smooth muscle that can alter the size of the lumen tunica intima - thin, inner lining of the lumen of the vessel, composed of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the vessel TERM 10 angina DEFINITION 10 chest pain TERM 21 varicose veins DEFINITION 21 enlarged, twisted, superficial veins develop when the valves of the veins do not function properly and fail to prevent the backflow of blood so blood accumulates and the vein becomes engorged and distended excess fluid eventually seeps from the vein, causing swelling in surrounding tissues (edema) TERM 22 aneurysm DEFINITION 22 localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery TERM 23 arrest DEFINITION 23 condition of being stopped or bringing to a stop TERM 24 cardiac arrest DEFINITION 24 loss of effective cardiac function, which results in cessation of circulation TERM 25 circulatory arrest DEFINITION 25 cessation of the circulation of blood due to ventricular standstill or fibrillation TERM 26 arrhythmia DEFINITION 26 inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm, possibly including a rapid or slow beat or "skipping" a heat; also called dysrhythmia TERM 27 bruit DEFINITION 27 soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, possibly due to vibrations associated with the movement of blood, valvular action, or both; also called murmur TERM 28 cardiomyopathy DEFINITION 28 any disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function causes of cardiomyopathy include viral or bacterial infections, metabolic disorders, or general systemic disease TERM 29 catheter DEFINITION 29 thin, flexible, hollow plastic tube that is small enough to be threaded through a vein, artery, or tubular structure TERM 30 coarctation DEFINITION 30 narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta TERM 31 deep vein thrombosis (DVT) DEFINITION 31 blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs In DVT, blood clots may break away from the vein wall and travel in the body. if they lodge in the lung, the condition is called pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism may be life threatening if a large portion of the lung is damaged. TERM 32 ejection fraction (EF) DEFINITION 32 calculation of how much blood a ventricle can eject with one contraction The left ventricular EF averages 50% to 70% in healthy hearts but can be markedly reduced if part of the heart muscle dies, as evident after an MI or in cardiomyopathy or valvular heart disease. TERM 33 heart failure (HF) DEFINITION 33 failure of the heart to supply an adequate amount of blood to tissues and organs HF is commonly caused by impaired coronary blood flow, cardiomyopathies, and heart valve disease TERM 34 embolus DEFINITION 34 mass of undissolved matter (foreign object, air, gas, tissue, thrombus) circulating in blood or lymphatic channels until it becomes lodged in a vessel TERM 35 fibrillation DEFINITION 35 quivering or spontaneous muscle contractions, especially of the heart, causing ineffectual contractions fibrillation is commonly corrected with a defibrillator TERM 46 radioisotope DEFINITION 46 chemical radioactive material used as a tracer to follow a substance through the body or a structure TERM 47 palpitation DEFINITION 47 sensation that the heart is not beating normally, possibly including "thumping," "fluttering," "skipped beats," or a pounding feeling in the chest although most palpitations are harmless, those caused by arrhythmias may be serious. Medical attention should be sought if palpitations are accompanied by pain, dizziness, overall weakness, or shortness of breath TERM 48 patent ductus arteriosus DEFINITION 48 failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, allowing blood to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary (lung) artery TERM 49 perfusion DEFINITION 49 circulation of blood through tissues or the passage of fluids through vessels of an organ TERM 50 tetralogy of Fallot DEFINITION 50 congenital anomaly consisting of four elements pulmonary artery stenosis interventricular septal defect transposition of the aorta, so that both ventricles empty into the aorta right ventricular hypertrophy caused by increased workload of the right ventricle TERM 51 stent DEFINITION 51 slender or threadlike device used to hold open vessels, tubes, or obstructed arteries stents are used to support tubular structures that are being anastomosed or to induce or maintain patency within these tubular structures TERM 52 thrombus DEFINITION 52 blood clot that obstructs a vessel TERM 53 cardiac catheterization (CO) DEFINITION 53 passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart CC gathers information about the heart, such as blood supply through the coronary arteries and blood flow and pressure in the chambers of the heart as well as enabling blood sample collection and x-rays of the heart TERM 54 electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) DEFINITION 54 graphic line recording that shows the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs ECGs help diagnose abnormal heart rhythms and myocardial damage TERM 55 holter monitor test DEFINITION 55 ECG taken with a small portable recording system capable of storing up to 24 hours of ECG tracings Holter monitoring is particularly useful in obtaining a cardiac arrhythmia record that would be missed during an ECG of only a few minutes duration TERM 56 stress test DEFINITION 56 ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions A stress test may show abnormal ECG tracings that do not appear during an ECG taken when the patient is resting TERM 57 nuclear ECG DEFINITION 57 ECG that utilizes a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow In a nuclear stress test, the radioisotope is injected at the height of exercise. the area not receiving sufficient oxygen is visualized by decreased uptake of the isotope TERM 58 cardiac enzyme studies DEFINITION 58 blood test that measures troponin T, troponin I, and creatinine kinase (CK-MB) Cardiac enzymes are released into the bloodstream from damaged heart muscle tissue. their presence in a blood specimen is consistent with myocardial damage TERM 59 lipid panel DEFINITION 59 series of tests (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease TERM 60 angiography DEFINITION 60 radiographic imaging of the heart and blood vessels after injection of a contrast dye TERM 71 sclerotherapy DEFINITION 71 injection of a chemical irritant (sclerosing agent) into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein Sclerotherapy is commonly performed to treat varicose veins and sometimes telangiectasias TERM 72 venography DEFINITION 72 radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, which indicates obstruction venography is used primarily to locate blood clots in veins of the leg TERM 73 cardioversion DEFINITION 73 procedure to restore normal rhythm of the heart by applying a controlled electrical shock to the exterior to the chest TERM 74 embolization DEFINITION 74 technique used to block blood flow to a site by passing a catheter to the area and injecting a synthetic material or medication specifically designed to occlude the blood vessel embolization may serve to eliminate an abnormal communication between an artery and a vein, stop bleeding, or close vessels that are supporting tumor growth TERM 75 angioplasty DEFINITION 75 procedure that alters a vessel through surgery or dilation of the vessel using a balloon catheter TERM 76 coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) DEFINITION 76 surgical procedure that uses a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle TERM 77 percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) DEFINITION 77 dilation of an occluded vessel using a balloon catheter under fluoroscopic guidance In PTCA, the physician inserts a catheter transcutaneously, inflates the balloon thereby dilating the narrowed vessel, and commonly positions a stent to hold the vessel open TERM 78 atherectomy DEFINITION 78 removal of material from an occluded vessel using a specifically designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device TERM 79 biopsy DEFINITION 79 removal and examination of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes TERM 80 arterial biopsy DEFINITION 80 removal and examination of a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteritis, a type of vasculitis TERM 81 catheter ablation DEFINITION 81 destruction of conduction tissue of the heart to interrupt the abnormal conduction pathway causing the arrhythmia, thus allowing normal heart rhythm to resume catheter ablation is usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance TERM 82 commissurotomy DEFINITION 82 surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their "commissures" (points of touching) many candidates for commissurotomy are now treated with balloon mitral valvuloplasty TERM 83 laser ablation DEFINITION 83 procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins in laser ablation, the laser's heat coagulates blood inside the vessel, causing it to collapse and seal. Later, the vessels dissolve within the body, becoming less visible, or disappear altogether TERM 84 ligation and stripping DEFINITION 84 tying a varicose vein (ligation) followed by removal (stripping) of the affected segment Ligation and stripping are procedures performed for heavily damaged or diseased veins. Usual treatment for varicose veins is laser ablation in combination with microphlebectomies and sclerotherapy TERM 85 open heart surgery DEFINITION 85 surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart-lung machine During the operation, the heart-lung machine takes over circulation to allow surgery on the resting (nonbeating) heart. After the heart has been restarted and is beating, the patient is disconnected from the heart-lung machine. Types of open heart surgery include coronary artery bypass graft, valve replacement, and heart transplant.