Changes and Continuity of International Politics - Study Guide | POLI 2057, Study notes of Political Science

Download Changes and Continuity of International Politics - Study Guide | POLI 2057 and more Study notes Political Science in PDF only on Docsity! August 24, 2011 Late 1980’s, early 1990’s –end of cold war, when Reagan was saying tear down this wall, it was already happening. International arms race for sophisticated weapons. The fear ended in 1989. CHANGES Military -humanitarianism became an important role, especially within the UN Political scene  Politics- . o The UN became politically limited because Russia is also a permanent member of the security council and can veto any action. o Domino theory, every country that falls around Russian will have an effect on yet another country.  They came up with a new agenda for peace, peace-making enforcement and preventative Diplomacy. Yugoslavia disbands as a country and becomes several states, Bosnia, Croatia, etc Economics  Globalization becomes a reality. The end of the cold war brought capitalism ideology to the forefront, socialism and communism became unviable economies, because the Soviet Union was the poster child for this and they collapsed.  In order for countries to get World Trade Organizations help they were told they essentially had to privatize their economy (capitalism). They had to do away with trade barriers such as tariffs, embargos, and subsidies to allow foreigners to compete there. o Today coca-cola can have as large of an effect on other countries because there budget is larger than some country’s GDP, not just the white house, Moscow, and Paris controlling things now. Regionalism has also become more important. European countries have united and softened their sovereignty, visas good for all countries and currency is the Euro. Sovereignty has lost its absolutism and became more relativistic in Europe. NAFTA. Human Security/Terrorism- the war on terror is very undefined. Terrorists violate all rules of engagement within warfare. Terrorism becomes a new division within our security. Failed states becomes a breeding ground for terrorism because the state can’t usually control anything outside their capital city. Security problems arise from states that are too poor to control their state, such as Somalia and piracy. Non-governmantal oragnizations have become a sort of business of its own as far as what they do and provide. (Red Cross). Environment Human rights -Human Rights Regime- understood now as a sort of reason to disrupt sovereignty. Continuity Military conflicts will never end. Politics, it is likely that there will never be a United World Government. Other than war and the fact that countries will retain their sovereignty, we have increased our food production, healthcare, (thanks to technology), yet have failed to reduce poverty and hunger on the world stage. The inequality gap of growth throughout the countries of the world has widened. Despite NGO’s stopping landmines and fighting for human rights, the fundamental issues still rely on the states of the world. Organizational limits still can not define states, only influence. August 26, 2011 What is the impact of the revolution going on in Libya? 4th wave of democracy, spreading across the globe. Thucydides Melian dialogue Metylenian debate Pericles funeral Oration August 29, 2011  Distinctions o Anarchy  Power- the ability to make one entity to do something they wouldn’t do otherwise. Power is ALWAYS relational, meaning that France has a lot of power of its former colonies through economical, military, historical relations. No such thing as absolute power within the international system. Power is also o Positive peace (Justice and harmony between the states).  Peace and new world order negotiation approaches o 1. Carthagian approach: win-lose hardliner approach (sometime repression of the loser as the behavior of Athenians toward the Melians. Also called Pax Romana.  Athenians killed all the male melians to build the peace between the two. o 2. Appomatox Approach: win-win conciliatory behavior based on trust.  Ex-North vs South in American civil war, no real sanctions after the war so the south continued to pursue things like segregation, being appeased by the north. o 3. Congress of Vienna Approach: mixed approach based on the understanding of IR as a variable sum.  Rules imposed to disrupt the losers chance of waging war or doing something negative again.  The victors Executive branch often get contracts to essentially help pay for the costs of the war.  Post-World War 1 (1914-18) Order o Dictated by the victors of WW1 through the Versailles Treaty.  League of Nations-W. Wilson-Right to self determination. Wilson was big idealist. Wanted to give independence to all countries that sought it.  Versailles Treaty Failed because  German Revisionism  Stateless people and power vacuum in Eastern Europe.  Economic Nationalism  Failure of Collective Security and Zero-Sum thinking on the part of states.  Collective security means one for all, and all for one. (UN today)  Post World War 2 (1939-45) Order o Succeeded because: o A. victors pursued policies of mutual aid (Marshall Plan) and Exploitation (economic rebuilding).  Winner of the war structures the way in which the nation rebuilds their regime.  Coordination of Europe’s reconstruction with the USSR despite some mistrust.  USSR rejected participation in the Marshall plan because of fear of economic interdependence with the west.  The US wanted to rebuild Eastern Europe as well, but the USSR wouldn’t allow it, they did not want to become dependent on the USA.  In Asia Douglas McArthur led the US unilateral policies.  Rebuilding of Japan, took the approach of passifying Japan without further humiliating them. (to keep them from becoming fascist again).  The Marshall Plan o ERP: Europe’s Recovery Plan  Approach:  Mixture of idealism, power politics and interdependence.  A. Power politics, because Washington wanted to undermine the Soviet empire.  B. Idealism because, the United States wanted to alleviate human suffering in Europe.  C. Interdependence because the US economy needed foreign markets to thrive.  Results:  Laid the basic foundation of the EU  Translated a new diplomatic orientation based on openness.  Contrasting US and USSR post-war order perspective o US:  Europe: Marshall Plan  Japan: Pacific constitution and society o USSR:  Took reparation from Eastern European Countries and rejected ERP.  Lessons learned o 1. US acheivementent in Europe and japan floved from a strategy oriented toward mutual gain and rooted in open dialogue., the failures of the soviet approach derived from explotations imposed without meaningful discussion. o 2. The effort of Eastern European countries to join the European Union in the 1990s may be viewed as the response to 50 years of being denied participation in the Marshall Plan. o 3. US policies have been penny-wise and pound-foolish, spending billions on military operations and then skimping on the aid necessary to restore and promote reconstruction.  Soviet refusal to allow the countries of Eastern Europe to participate in the European Recovery Program can be considered a failure:  Did not make the USSR wealthier  50 years later, these countries are seeking EU integration. o 4. The marshall plan was difficult to replicate since Europe had a much stronger economic and democratic base than Afghanistan or Iraq had at the beginning of the 21 st century.  Two reason:  1. The reconstruction effort cannot find enough funding in these 2 countries.  Dissimilar economic and political conditions in these two countries.  Whats the best policy in terms of rebuilding a new order??  Conclusion: the best policy is a moderate realism that seeks wise administration based on concrete knowledge of the rest of the worl rather than blind and harsh repression or ignorant and lenient forbearance. September 12, 2011  Conf o More interdependent than ever before, more inclined to go to war than after WW2 (econ) o Econ warfare o Technology shift  Changed communications  Ground operations have changed  Cyber security a threat o Terrorism (is more political than military)  Post WW2 o Less interdeup o Military  Rudimentary after world war 2 Engagement Disengagement Money Economic problems Is globalization and Americanization propaganda the same thing? September 14, 2011  Other positive functions of war? o Created modern states? o Ex; the creation of the modern state system in the Westphalia treaty in o Reformed bureaucracies: “to raise taxes, …put more people into govt service” o Reduced social and racial cleavages based on “race, region, religion.”  War: Scale and Trend? o WW1 AND WW2 most destructive in history o WW1: 10 million deaths among military personnel o WW2: 25 to 30 million deaths among military personnel o Unpredictable trend and scale; other variables o Technology-allows for a different way to fight war o Diseases can condition war, (Athens and melos(the plague killed 1/3 of the soldiers)) o Civil wars (intrastate wars) have outnumbered interstate wars at the end of the cold war. Cold war lid theory- neither super power wanted the war to erupt, wanted to contain the countries around Russia to halt them falling to Russia (through giving the o o Vietnam, Korean wars  Domino theory-if one state falls, the rest around it will, like dominoes  Containment theory –US view to contain communistic views September 19, 2011  Foreign Policy Decision Making  Political relations with different foreign countries  States-unitary actors, Federal Government-decision maker o Head of state-decision maker, but delegates a lot of his power o Secretary of state-diplomacy (next in line) o Pentagon-big role when talking doesn’t work o NSA-national security agency o CIA- o NSAd.- National Security Advisor (Condeleeza Rice, now James Jones) o Joint Chief- When the Russians tried to put nuclear warheads in Cuba in response to US having missiles in Turkey. A surveyor plane took pictures of the Russians missile development in Cuba. The US response was to blockade Cuba from receiving more missiles, US threatened the ships with artillery and the Russians threatened back.  Rational Actor Model o Reason o Process of elimination of other possibilities  Gains Loss o Realist-determinism-innate seeking of more power, so limited set of options determined by the environment you are in. o Bounded Rationality- rationality has its limits, the best decision is bound by the information you have available, however much or little. So if you are bound because information may come to light after the fact.  Pg. 89- JFK and Kruchevs conversation about miscalculation.  Organizational Model- standard operation procedures. (Routine) o Bureaucratic Model  Hawks-  Doves-  Devils Advocate- advocate EVERY possibility to avoid miscalculation  1. Do nothing and accept missiles in Cuba  2. Mend fences with Cuba to get missiles out  4. Take out Castro  5. Bomb strategically  6. Blockade Cuba September 21, 2011 Test Monday- 25 Multiple Choice question, Ch 1,2, & 4 (not on foreign policy decision making)  Foreign Policy Decision making o “the essence of ultimate decision remains impenetrable to the observer- often, indeed, to the decider himself’- JFK  This quote inspired Graham Alison to write the essence of decision which basically studied foreign policy based on Cuban missile crisis.  Proposes 3 models o The rational actor model o The organizational model o The bureaucratic model o The psychology of decision making  Group think –  Stereotyping – generalizations based on appearances.  Kennedy vs Krushchev. o Krushchev looked on Kennedy like a weak, young guy with a silver spoon in his mouth. o Kennedy made the blockade decision and put the ball in Krushchevs court. o But no leader is a completely free agent  Human Agency vs system structure  Cuban missile crisis confirms the warning that zero-sum politics and deception are inferior to oint strategies of mutual gain and open diplomacy. o Communications- open diplomacy and open lines of communications  Stops secret deals, such as taking missiles out of Turkey and agreeing to never invade Cuba again. o What foreign policy in the context of WMDs and terrorism?  Preventive Diplomacy  A type off understanding of the foreign  Treaties o SALT- 1 & 2 1969 and 1979 o START- 1 & 2  What are Obamas foreign Policy strategies- he immediately signed a treaty with Russia September 23, 2011  Rational Choice Theory- comes from economics, utility maximizing beings-applies to economics as well as at the international level with power always trying to be maximized by the states. o Set of preference  Hierarchy  Choice best of outcome  Model 1- Rational Actor model o Everything is a sign of purpose or intimidation o Allows you to explain and predict things. Simple, parsimony, generalization  Model 2- Organizational Model o Used as an explanation for standard operating procedures, Routine  Model 3- Bureaucratic Model- o Resultant, meaning unintended outcome. Just the way it worked out. September 28, 2011  Security and Arms Council o Security- ability to avert danger to eliminate threats in order to protect your physical survival as a state.  The realist- security: self-help (about power, the more power you have the more security you should have)  Weapons- o Idealists think that mutual aid and cooperation are the best option to gain security; weapons should be a back-up plan. o Self-help and cooperation needs to be the balance between the 2.  Here you can have the security dilemma, arms racing making others weary of you and then. Weapons don’t = security.  Multiple Symmetry-  Environmental impacts-create internal threats o Regime-  formal and informal institution that includes rules, norms, expectations, and a decision making procedure at the international area on a specific area. o IAEA-atomic energy agency  Under UN, deals exclusively with nuclear problems.  NPT- non-proliferation treaty-says countries can’t help others get nuks?  However, since this is at the international level the treaty is not binding. Monday October 17, 2011 MISSING NOTES**** October 19, 2011  Kant: 6 points in perpetual peace o Representative government : Republic o Free trade: Ex: NAFTA, EU, ECOWAS, MERCASUR o Propensity of Collective security, international legal framework, and cosmopolitan values or global civil society o Spirit of trade : Market Economy o Growth of universal culture and ethical principles – categorical imperative o Morality at the state level will lead to perpetual peace  According to the democratic peace thesis: o Would Germany and France go to war in case?  Probably not due to the economic interdependence and the development of democracy (forming of values created through democracy). o Would India and Pakistan?  They are transitioning from authoritarian to democratic. Pakistan is highly aggressive compared to India, many issues to go to war over, such as terrorism.  Illiberal Democracy Problem o Fareed Zakaria: the rise of illiberal democracies  Key distinction between liberalism and democracy.  What she is saying is that because Europes liberalism came before the democracy came, so within kingdom or monarchies, you had liberal ideas already. You need the substance of liberalism before the machinery of democracy.  Conditions for democracy o Democratic political culture, not necessarily democratic procedure but have ethnicities, religions, etc at least tolerate each other. Human dignity and human rights, freedom of speech etc. o Institutionalized Market Economy – having market economies are important. o Independence from foreign coercion, idea of trust or lack of trust that keeps them from democracy .  Democratization in the 21st century o There has been an increase in the number of democratic transitions in the 21st century. However there is no certainty in how these regimes will fare in the future given the nature of transition. October 21, 2011  Political Economy – started as simply political economy, then broke off into economics, o Political economy asks the question what can states do to promote wealth in their societies.  Mercantilism – believes that gain of wealth for one state is the loss of another (zero-sum/realist outlook). Was measured by hoarding gold and silver.  Neo-mercantilism – focuses on industrial policy in order to focus on their own industry in order to promote their own wealth. o Such as Canada not having an automobile industry, and creating one to promote wealth and not rely on another country. o About conquering foreign markets, you’ll make whatever they make in order to be wealthier. o Protectionism – keeping other markets out of yours, tariffs on foreign goods, quotas on foreign markers, subsidize your own industry  Absolute advantage (Adam Smith) – take what skills/markets your society does well and expand them.  Free enterprise, laissez-faire. This approach is for the state to stay back and let the free market do it’s thing.  Every country is looking to have a trade surplus not a trade deficit.  invisible hand of market, allows trade all around in order to promote the markets in general and create prosperity.   Corporations:  MNC- Multi-national corporation. o Has a home country and a host country. (Coca-Cola). Decentralized in host countries in order to adapt to the other country.  TNC- trans-national corporation o Very centralized, home country runs the host countries.  Classic economic liberalism- now called neo-realism- Ricardo- comparative advantage. 1945 IMF and WB.  GATT 1962 (general agreement on trade and tariffs) o WTO -1995. World trade organization?  Marxism- way to explain/criticize free-enterprise. The capitalist invest their money but without the labor to put the money at work there would be no way. so Marxists believe that the state should intervene to create wealth but also equity.  High state Intervention- collectivization. Communist oriented economy. October 26, 2011  Structural adjustment policies? o Origins: Berg Report, 1981 accelerated development in Sub-Saharan Africa  Berg report was to try and figure out what went wrong. When Berg looked at these countries he decided that these state ran business was not feasible and they needed privatization because the state wasn’t focused on making the businesses profitable, they were interested in nation building. They provided stability by providing jobs, not on efficiency. Berg said they needed to adjust by privatizing and get away from socialistic tendencies. But what this report overlooked was that these countries would need certain machinery, equipment, etc to do the job. o Liberalization  Roll the state back and let the markets take over. Banking, electrical lines, etc all have to be sold to investors. So companies will buy these public ran businesses, and because they are interested in profits an deficiency they cut waste, which is often cutting unnecessary jobs. o Deregulation o Privatization o Devaluation  Of currency, due to inflation everything gets more expensive, leaving the people in more dire situations. o Consequence of such policies in the Zambian textile industry for example.  Concerns of SAP’s o Macros economic indicators: (now the nations were concerned with macro, leaving micro (families) on their own.  Balance of payments  Inflation  Growth rate  PPP- purchasing power parity  Fiscal and monetary policy  Foreign Aid: Three controversies o 1. Instrument of foreign policy (poverty vs. actual aid)  Bush gave 15 million to African countries. The money was funneled through American pharmaceutical companies whereas if he would have used the generic version of the drugs he could have helped WAY more people, but his interests was to buy the US name brand drugs to bolster part of the US economy. o Which is most beneficial? There’s a problem determinging the benefit of the form of the aid provided. o Aid vs. trade and investments  Africa was supposed to get help that enabled them to promote trade with America. AGOA-1996 – stipulated regulations such as having a democracy. This  Institutionalist’s and liberalists o Believe from a moral standpoint that the international organizations should play a larger role.  The norm of international organizations is that they set the norm of what is or isn’t acceptable of states behavior, such as Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1991, of course this norm has now changed. November 2, 2011  Institutions continued o The international atomic energy agency? IAEA? o International institutions are important because they develop rules (such as the end poverty by 2015 campaign). The Human Development Index recently came out again and tells us literacy, child mortality rates, curbing of AIDS/HIV, etc. of all countries. o How would not having the WTO affect the world? (counter-factual information, something that social sciences looks at because ‘regular’ science actually observes something, whereas counter-factual studies are based on interpretation of what could or might be, no way to really know). The US and Russia subsidize over 700 million annually for farmers even though it is against the rules, if the WTO did not exist then the number would likely go up even more, aiding the US but harming others. o What do International organizations need to survive? Money. These organizations typically get money from countries and this is where things get political. UNESCO, UN supporting education, science, and culture. UNESCO recognizes Palestine as a state and the US does not contribute to organizations that see Palestine as legit, so the US has cut their contributions to UNESCO, which is about 60 million annually (20% of UNESCO’s budget). These contributions of the US to other organizations and countries is important because it keeps the US as the major player at the International level, sort of like buying International security.  You might fail as an organization if your goals are too lofty and you don’t have the authority or sway to implement processes to achieve these goals. Like the EU having no real authority over the states in the EU.  International regimes should compromise with states in order to stay, because there is no other enforcement agency. If you ask what human rights are to Americans it may be freedom to choose (capitalist) but if you go to Denmark (socialist) its freedom to choose with limited options intervened by the government.  If an organization at the International level does not have democratic procedures then it will not be as effective at the global level. November 4, 2011  NGO’s o NGO’s are in general more effective that “low politics”, meaning more important than small states.  International organizations are growing in globalization o Factors of globalization  Economic interdependence – larger volume of trade  Worldwide - not regional  Multi-culturalism  Universalization of some western values o Problems of globalization (Samuel Huntington)  The clash of civilizations  Disagreed with Fukuyama, the end of history is not here. o By seeing a growing number of different cultures within your society, you begin to feel like you are losing your own identity. So the next fight will be cross-cultural wars, perhaps the East v. West.  Benjamin Barber o Jihad v. ‘McWorld’  Global problems that need NGO’s o Poverty o Development o water November 7, 2011  Human rights and the recent development of them becoming ‘norms’ o John Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau; individuals were born free therefore a right as a human right are inalienable.  Locke – fundamental rights of life, liberty, and property.  Slavery 1807-1850- advance in the morality of how we should treat human beings when the abolition of slavery. International state system of 1945, right of every peoples to have the right to rule themselves. (League of Naitons, but didn’t get much traction until after WW2 with the UN). In the UN charter 1st charter gave respect to human rights of all, the 2nd article (gives power to the sovereign to determine these rights) (up to the sovereign to enforce these rights) contradicts the first which left no enforcement power. The respect of sovereignty is the cornerstone of the UN, so basically the sovereign rights overrule human rights.  Refugees  IDPs – Internally displaced persons  Women – highest number of refugees and IDPs. Women are more susceptible or vulnerable to become either one. o Led the UN to create the elimination of all forms of discrimination of women in 1979.  New forms of slavery – human trafficking, child soldiers,  1948 – Universal declaration of human rights said that human rights were more important than sovereign rights. This gave international law more power. This doesn’t give the international structure the ability to right a wrong. Segregation in the US was a violation of the 1948 universal rights; therefore the most important actors in human rights are non-state NGO’s and other private individuals. (MLK). Ralph Bunche was the first UN ambassador to human rights; he brought the issue of segregation from the US to the UN. Nelson Mandela also brought change for human rights. States are slow to act on human rights, most change comes through non-state.  Failed states – institutional failures leaving the rights of the people within that state neglected. o Responsibility to protect. If the state fails to protect then the UN can bypass the sovereignty. But who determines if a state has failed? When did Libya fail? When was it accepted to go in to protect the people? this leaves the definition of failed states very vague and open to interpretation.  Jeff Herbs – Decertification. Means that states can be moved to the trusteeship council to receive some sort of place within the UN. The problem is that the countries that don’t respect human rights cannot by law have their sovereignty taken away. So what can you do about it? November 11, 2011  Human Rights in IR o Concepts  Ethics: criteria for evaluating right and wrong behavior by the individuals and groups  Morality: principles about the behavioral norms that should govern interactions  Civil society: a community that creates institutions to protect civil liberties and promote peaceful methods of conflict resolution  Sanctions: punitive actions (short of military force) by one global actor against another to retaliate for its previous objectionable behavior. Breach of sanctions can be determined as an act of war (Gaddafi breaching the no fly zone).  1997 – Kyoto Protocol – treaty signed by about 130 states, and now has 190 countries that signed the treaty. Reduce all emissions by 5% by 2012. This was the first concrete consideration for advancing an environmental agenda. The US is one of the few countries that haven’t signed it. Congress wouldn’t go along with it because they said it would hurt the American economy. Brazil had a sort of moratorium since they had so much forests that reduced pollution. (Bargaining leverage).  The governance summit in South Africa - 2002. Sealed the idea that states weren’t just going to deal with high politics, but that state diplomats would be concerned with environmental impacts.  Eco-politics o Greenhouse gases – gases emitted when we burn things, less forests to soak it up. Acid rain, depletion of the ozone layer, melting ice caps through global warming. November 21, 2011  Realism, Liberalism, and Interdependence o 1.) Should national interest be placed ahead of global interest?  Realist would say National interest should be ahead of global interest. Because everyone is trying to increase their power because everyone else is try to increase their power, the world is anarchical.  Liberal/idealist think that everyone should put global interests first, morals and ethics should trump everything else. But the League of Nations failed.  Making a thesis – national interests trump global interest. But you should also have an anti-thesis, asking when does a global interest trump national interest? Things such as environmental impacts. But promoting our national interests such as increasing GDP, you may be harming your national interests in environmental ways. o For US, signing the treaty against waterboarding would be against our national interest because it would expose/harm our military men to prosecution through international law, harming national interest. o Synthesis – what’s the bottom line in terms of national and global interest? A balance has to be found because we live in an anarchical world where issues national interests trump global, however the low politics (poverty, health, environment,etc.) should still play an important role. Like Europe trying to prop up Greece now, not through giving them money but some other ways because they are independent. o 2.) If interstate war is obsolete, do we need military power?  (positive peace – values / negative peace – absence of war for now)  Now we are in negative peace, with economic issues, non-state actors. Now fighting non-state actors (terror groups) you need to win hearts and minds, not necessarily a typical military build-up, rather soft power, need intelligence (CIA) and still have back up plans. (such as the informant that tipped off NY officials about the guy constructing a pipe bomb. o 3.) Can the new global terrorism be contained?  Terrorism typically comes from failed/weak states with a lack of education, high poverty, disease, etc. so the way to combat that is to attack the things that make the failed states fail. For Norway they don’t need to spend money on foreign aid because they aren’t a target of terrorism, but the US is. So educating the majority of a failed state could be a good argument for stopping a faction from breaking off and trying to make their own group and seeking power through their own misconstrued means. o 4.) Will the great powers intervene to protect human rights?  Mixed balance between intervention and only intervening when there is a national interest. Libya- was their a direct interest or was it indirect interest to change the outlook of the East of the West (US)? November 28, 2011  On the final papers focus on explicit arguments that are coherent and make a valid claim. Be sure the introduction points out the argument and that paragraphs are not too long.  Do not need any outside sources for final essays, can be solely based from the textbook.  Turn in by email, he may give an alternative email address, due by 7pm on the 7 th.  Security o Liberalism  See things more in the interdependent way, cooperation not only limits war but can eliminate it. o Realism  See things more in a zero-sum manner, conflict will never go away. o Interdependence  A lot of peace is a result of shared economies and cultural understanding. Pacifies the enemy.  IPE – International Political Economy (trade, development) o **NGO’s, IGO’s, Comp, WB, IMF, WTO, FDI (foreign direct investment), o Here states aren’t necessarily the strongest player, other factors such as the AAA downgrade of America’s credit o This is globalization, institutions getting involved at a deeper level.  Human Rights VS. sovereignty o NGO’s o States usually don’t go for human rights unless it works in their favor o Most human rights have been moved forward by individuals or groups rather than states  Environment o NGO’s but states have to implement o Often depends on the state of the economy, usually not a priority of the state