Computer Architecture and Organization: A Comprehensive Study - Prof. Mango, Lecture notes of Computer Architecture and Organization

Download Computer Architecture and Organization: A Comprehensive Study - Prof. Mango and more Lecture notes Computer Architecture and Organization in PDF only on Docsity! Computer Architecture Q\ By Doreen Mango Useful information: Textbook: Computer Organization and Architecture. By William Stallings. Other resources: Computer Architecture. A quantitative Approach. John L. Hennessy & David A. Patterson  Structured Computer Organization Fourth Edition, by Andrew S. Tanenbaum http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/tanenbaum2/ Computer Architecture (1)  Definition?  “The design of integrated system which provides a useful tool to the programmer.” (Baer)  “The study of the structure, behaviour, and design of computers.” (Hayes)  “The design of the system specification at a general or subsystem level.” (Abd-Alla)  “The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure to work with.” (Foster)  “The interface between the hardware and the lowest level software.” (Hennessy and Patterson) Computer Architecture (2)  Therefore, computer architecture refers to Attributes of a system visible to programmers Attributes that have a direct impact on the execution of programs  Attributes  Instruction set Data representation  I/O mechanisms Addressing techniques Computer Organization  Organization refers to operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications.  Attributes: hardware details transparent to programmers Control signals Computer/peripheral interface Memory technology Some Definitions • Computer architecture deals with the functional behavior of a computer system as viewed by a programmer (like the size of a data type – 32 bits to an integer). • Computer organization deals with structural relationships that are not visible to the programmer (like clock frequency or the size of the physical memory). • There is a concept of levels in computer architecture. The basic idea is that there are many levels at which a computer can be considered, from the highest level, where the user is running programs, to the lowest level, consisting of transistors and wires. Computer Architecture v. Computer Organization  Architecture - logical design of a computer, allows you to write programs 1. Instruction set (what is the instruction set?) 2. Representation of data types (integers v. characters v. floating point types) 3. Input/Output mechanisms (how does the computer communicate with the world?) 4. Memory addressing techniques  Organization - physical design of a computer 1. How many registers? 2. What is a register? 3. How many registers does a typical CPU have? Structure & Function (1)  Computer Complex system=> How can we design/describe it?  Hierarchic system: A set of interrelated subsystems, each subsystem hierarchic in structure until some lowest level of elementary subsystems is reached  At each level of the system, the designer is concerned with structure and function. Functional View The von Neumann Model • The von Neumann model consists of five major components: (1) input unit; (2) output unit; (3) arithmetic logic unit; (4) memory unit; (5) control unit. The System Bus Model • A refinement of the von Neumann model, the system bus model has a CPU (ALU and control), memory, and an input/output unit. • Communication among components is handled by a shared pathway called the system bus, which is made up of the data bus, the address bus, and the control bus. There is also a power bus, and some architectures may also have a separate I/O bus. A Typical Computer System Diskette drive CD-ROM drive Hard disk drive Monitor 4 A ke Sockets for plug-in pu > or-tets(eyaie tac) Sockets for internal memory CPU (Microprocessor beneath heat sink) Digital Components Transistors  Replaced vacuum tubes  Smaller  Cheaper  Less heat dissipation  Solid State device  Made from Silicon (Sand)  Invented 1947 at Bell Labs  William Shockley et al. High level digital circuit designs are normally made using collections of logic gates referred to as components, rather than using individual logic gates. The majority function can be viewed as a component. Microelectronics Literally - “small electronics” A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections These can be manufactured on a semiconductor e.g. silicon wafer Levels of Integration Levels of integration (numbers of gates) in an integrated circuit (IC):  Small scale integration (SSI): 10-100 gates.  Medium scale integration (MSI): 100 to 1000 gates.  Large scale integration (LSI): 1000-10,000 logic gates.  Very large scale integration (VLSI): 10,000-upward. These levels are approximate, but the distinctions are useful in comparing the relative complexity of circuits. Ri iti Made by Comments 1834 | Analytical Engine] Babbage First attempt to build_a digital computer 1936 ]21 Zuse First working relay calculating machine 1943] COLOSSUS EuSLa* eas Uracil eee e 1944 | Mark | Aiken Ua) Ae =A Se 1946] ENIAC | Eckert/Mauchley | Modern computer history starts here 1949 EDSAC CUO) First stored-program computer 1951 [Whirlwind | iA Eee Sues 1952 [IAS ACTA etc Ue eed = OR et 1960}PDP-1 ey Le MMV ern PLO e) 8 196141401 Le) Enormously popular small business machine 1962 | 7094 IBM. Dominated scientific computing in the early 1960: 1963]85000 Sed First machine designed for a high-level language 1964 [360 IBM ene eee ee eee) [eee First scientific supercomputer 1965|PDP-8 DEC. [aes ane == LUI UN oe eet 1970|PDP-11 DEG Dominated minicomputers in the 1970s 1974 | 8080 Intel Led ln es ene eek ase Co 1974 | CRAY-1 [fier First vector supercomputer Ses es se eee ee sr eral 1981 {IBM PC et) Bee = Se 1985|MIPS i SeI First commercial RISC machine 1987 | SPARC EO i= ecata ee Eco eC 1990} RS6000 IBM First superscalar machine Figure 1-4, Some milestones in the development of the modem digital computer. aN Moore’s Law: Computing power doubles every 18 months for the same price. ste a 100K + Moore's law ale) STEMS Ts e I est a oo stl a BS pa | a i a a pa | |e | | / 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 19682 1984 1966 1985 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 Tolmer Ole a Figure 1-11. Moore's law for CPU chips. Translation One method of executing a program written in L1 is first to replace each instruction in it by an equivalent sequence of instructions in L0. The resulting program consists entirely of L0 instructions. The computer then executes the new L0 program instead of L1 program. This technique is called TRANSLATION ! Interpretation The other technique is to write a program in L0 that takes programs in L1 as input data and carries them out by examining each instruction in turn and executing the equivalent sequence of L0 instructions directly. This technique does not require first generating a new program in L0. It is called INTERPRETATION. Multilevel Machines Most modern machines consist of two or more levels. Machines with as many as six levels even exist!