Gender Differences and Similarities: A Comprehensive Overview, Quizzes of School management&administration

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TERM 1 Gender Stereotypes DEFINITION 1 Widely, shared believes about males and females abilities, personality traits, and social behaviors TERM 2 Gender DEFINITION 2 State of being male or female TERM 3 Gender Similarities Hypothesis DEFINITION 3 Suggests two things: -Based on meta-analyses, there are more similarities than differences -When there are differences, they are msall TERM 4 Gender Stereotypes DEFINITION 4 -Interact within race and socioeconomic status-Boundaries between male and female stereotypes have become less rigid TERM 5 The traditional male stereotype is seen as more ___________ DEFINITION 5 Complimentary -This is called androcentrism TERM 6 Androcentrism DEFINITION 6 The belief that the male is the norm TERM 7 Gender Similarities and Differences DEFINITION 7 -Cognitive Abilities-Verbal Abilities-Mathematical Abilities- Spatial Abilities-Self-Esteem-Aggression-Sexual Attitude and Behavior-Emotional Expression-Communication-Psychological Disorders TERM 8 Cognitive Abilities DEFINITION 8 -No gender differences in overall intelligence TERM 9 Verbal Abilities DEFINITION 9 -Girls and women generally have an edge in verbal abilities (vocab., reading, writing)-Gender differences are small-Girls usually start speaking earlier, may have larger vocabularies, and better reading scores in school TERM 10 Mathematical Abilities DEFINITION 10 -Small differences favoring males-Other research has found males and females differ very little in math abilities-Males may outperform females in problem-solving starting in high school TERM 21 Social Role Theory DEFINITION 21 Minor gender differences are exaggerated by the different social roles that males and females occupy -Women caregiver-always seen as nurturing TERM 22 Social Constructionism DEFINITION 22 Individuals construct theory own reality based on societal expectations, conditioning, and self-socialization -Gender messages during socialization TERM 23 Evolutionary Explanations DEFINITION 23 -Differences across cultures-Evolutionary psychologists argue these differences come form a time in which different demands were placed on males and females for survival - Aggression was favored in males who needed it to hunt TERM 24 Brain Organization DEFINITION 24 -Some propose there are structural differences in the brains of males and females-Females may have larger corpus callosum-linked to verbal processing -Corpus callosum: band of fibers connection two hemispheres of the brain-findings are not consistent -Life experience TERM 25 Hormonal Influences DEFINITION 25 -Hormones: chemical substances released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands -Androgens are linked to males hormone testosterone -Post-Nataly, testosterones seems to play a role in sexual desire for males and females - Females exposed to prenatal androgens may exhibit more male like characteristics TERM 26 Socialization DEFINITION 26 Acquisition of the norms of roles expected of people in particular society TERM 27 Gender Roles DEFINITION 27 Cultural expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each gender -Varies cross-culturally to some extent TERM 28 Reinforcement and Punishment DEFINITION 28 -Shaped by consequences-Parents, Teachers, and peers reinforce gender appropriate behavior-Parents can be intolerant of gender inappropriate behaviors -Particularly for boys TERM 29 Observational Learning DEFINITION 29 -Behavior that is influenced by "models"-Social Cognitive Theory proposes that young children are likely to imitate people who are nurturing, powerful, and similar to them TERM 30 Self-Socialization DEFINITION 30 -Around 2-3 years of age -Children identify themselves as "male" or "female" -They also begin to organize their world along gender lines-Also develop gender schemas that guide the processing of gender-relevant information TERM 31 Parents DEFINITION 31 -Encourage play activities that are "gender-appropriate" and encourage boys and girls to play with different toys-Parents also emphasize gender in the assignment of household chores along traditional gender lines TERM 32 Peers DEFINITION 32 Between ages 4-6, children tend to separate into same age gender groups-Play takes different forms for boys and girls - Boys play in larger groups, roam further from home, and engage in more "rough and tumble" play -Girls prefer smaller groups and stay closer to home TERM 33 Schools DEFINITION 33 -Grade-School texts often ignore or stereotype girls and women-Gender bias also appears in teachers' treatment of boys and girls in class-Boys are given more attention, called on more frequently, and advised to go into math and science fields -Even when girls' grades are higher TERM 34 Media DEFINITION 34 -Males are more often shown as competent, reaching goals, and showing ingenuity-TV commercials are especially likely to emphasize traditional gender roles-American children watch more TV -These children hold more stereotyped beliefs-Video games promote hyper masculine roles TERM 35 Five key attributes comprise the males role DEFINITION 35 1) Achievement2) Aggression3) Autonomy4) Sexuality5) Stoicism (should not share pain, express emotions) TERM 46 Sexism DEFINITION 46 Discrimination against people on their basis of their gender TERM 47 Economic Discrimination DEFINITION 47 -Differential access to jobs-Overrepresentation of women in certain jobs that don't lead to higher earning potential TERM 48 Aggression Towards Females DEFINITION 48 -Sexual Harassment: unwelcome conduct on the basis of gender-Minority women may experience more harassment TERM 49 Gender roles have always resulted form _______ of labor DEFINITION 49 division TERM 50 Traditional gender roles may not make since with increase in ________ and ___________. DEFINITION 50 Technology; Opportunity TERM 51 Gender Identity DEFINITION 51 A persons identification with the qualities regarded as masculine or feminine TERM 52 Relationship satisfactions is ______ in heterosexual couples with traditional gender roles DEFINITION 52 lower TERM 53 Androgyny DEFINITION 53 Refers to the coexistence of both masculine and feminine personality traits in a single person -Androgynous individuals expierence less restrictive constraints on their behavior and can function more flexibly -Androgyny is not linked to relationship satisfaction -Not linked to health TERM 54 Gender-typed DEFINITION 54 Females (scorelow on masculinity,highon feminity)Males(score high on masculinity, low on feminity) TERM 55 Cross-gender-typed DEFINITION 55 Males (scorelow on masculinity,highon feminity)females(score high on masculinity, low on feminity) TERM 56 Gender-role Undifferentiated DEFINITION 56 Score low on both masculinity and femininity TERM 57 Gender Role Trancendence DEFINITION 57 Argues that we should move past gender-role labels altogether -Instead of dividing human characteristics into masculine and feminine categories, we should gender- neutral terms such as "instrumental" and "expressive" TERM 58 Instrumental DEFINITION 58 Focuses on reaching practical goals and finding solutions to rpoblmes -Men more likely to value this style of communication -People who endorse this style are more likely to stay calm and problem oriented in conflict situations -Become negative when it changes to coldness and unresponsiveness TERM 59 Expressive DEFINITION 59 Characterized by being able to express tender emotions easily and being able sensitive to feelings of others -Women more likely to value this style of communication TERM 60 Nonverbal Communication DEFINITION 60 Studies show women more skilled than men in this area - Better at reading and sending nonverbal messages