Weathering Processes and Aquatic Ecosystems: Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Biology

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TERM 1 collodial particles DEFINITION 1 any particle whose movement is not affected significantly by gravitational settling and that provides a location where chemicals can escape from the aqueous solution TERM 2 mechanical weathering DEFINITION 2 weathering that releases particulate matter that may react to form dissolved matter at some point; freezing and thawing, erosional activity of wind and water that moves particles against each other TERM 3 two compounds that become less soluble at higher temps DEFINITION 3 CaCO3 and CaSO4 TERM 4 percentage saturation DEFINITION 4 concentration of O2 relative to the maximum equilibrium concentration for that solution TERM 5 saturation concentration of O2 DEFINITION 5 the equilibrium concentration when pure water is in contact with the atmosphere for an extended period of time TERM 6 O2 saturation _________ with increasing water pressure and _________ with increasing salinity. DEFINITION 6 increases, decreases TERM 7 When O2 is _____ in solution, it will slowly come to equilibrium with exposure to atm. DEFINITION 7 below saturation TERM 8 What controls photosynthesis rates? DEFINITION 8 Light, temperature, and nutrients TERM 9 compensation point DEFINITION 9 where gross production equals respiration TERM 10 critical mixing depth DEFINITION 10 mixing depth below which growth does not occur TERM 21 Humic compound that remain in solution in acidic solutions. DEFINITION 21 fulvic acids TERM 22 Humic compounds not extractable by acid or base. DEFINITION 22 humin TERM 23 Humic substances and tannins important features DEFINITION 23 they attach to many organic substancesthey form complexes with metal ionsthey form colloids including large organic flocsthey color the water brown or tan when in high concentrationsthey are resistant to biological degradation TERM 24 fermentation DEFINITION 24 process of rearranging the organic molecules to yield more simple organic and inorganic compounds (acetate, ethanol, CH4, CO2, H2, H2O) and energy TERM 25 What leads to the formation of peat bogs? DEFINITION 25 accumulation of organic compounds under anoxic and acidic conditions TERM 26 Methylotrophs DEFINITION 26 specialized aerobic bacteria that can harvest energy by oxidizing simple compounds containing methyl groups and carbon monoxide TERM 27 Methanotrophs DEFINITION 27 bacteria that specifically oxidize methane; generally found living in close proximity to anoxic habitats from which there is a constant diffusive flux of methane TERM 28 methanogenesis DEFINITION 28 methane produced under anoxic conditions by Archae in extremely low redox conditons TERM 29 ebullition DEFINITION 29 rates of methane and CO2 formation are so great that gas bubbles containing methane are released directly from anoxic sediments TERM 30 assimilation DEFINITION 30 plants can obtain carbon from either CO2 or organic carbon sources TERM 31 remineralization or regeneration DEFINITION 31 organisms excrete inorganic nutrients TERM 32 Inorganic Carbon DEFINITION 32 found in form of CO2 gas in the atm. at about 380 ppm with continuous increases of about 2 ppm per yearthis gas readily dissolves in water, where it can take form of CO2, carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and carbonate (CO32-) TERM 33 bicarbonate equilibrium DEFINITION 33 equilibration between the different ionic forms of inorganic carbon TERM 34 How is organic carbon produced? DEFINITION 34 oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis, as well as by chemoautotrophic microorganisms TERM 35 Organic carbon is oxidized to CO2 by what pathways? DEFINITION 35 aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration using oxidized inorganic compounds to release energy from organic molecules in the absence of O2, and fermentations TERM 46 Archaea DEFINITION 46 like bacteria, but very different based on ribosomal RNAprominent in ecosystems with extreme environmental conditions TERM 47 Bacteria DEFINITION 47 prokaryoteshuman pathogenspathogens of freshwater orgsdominant role in energy flow and nutrient dynamics in all ecosystems including lakes and streamsoldest known fossilssome produce anti-herbivore toxinsunicellular, filamentous, or colonial TERM 48 prokaryotes DEFINITION 48 no nuclear membrane, mitochondria, or chloroplasts TERM 49 cyanobacteria DEFINITION 49 bacteria like chlorophyll, functionally like algae but prokaryotic TERM 50 What makes bacteria difficult for herbivores to consume? DEFINITION 50 gelatinous sheath TERM 51 What are bacteria cell types? DEFINITION 51 vegetative (photosynthesize)heterocysts (nitrogen fixation)akenites (resting spores) TERM 52 Fungi DEFINITION 52 very important in decomposition of vascular plant detritussome are pathogenic TERM 53 Phylum Chlorophyta DEFINITION 53 green algae chlorophyceaelarge, diverse groupmostly freshwateroligotrophic to eutrophic watersmay have massive blooms in eutrophic lakesplanktonic or attachedunicellular, filamentous, or colonial TERM 54 charophyceae (stoneworts) DEFINITION 54 colonial with multicellular sexual structures that look like vascular plants (micrasterias, Spirogyra, Chara) TERM 55 Gloden-brown Algae DEFINITION 55 large planktonic algae, usually unicellularB-carotene pigmentcommon in oligotrophic lakeswell adapted to cold water (tundra ponds)flagellamay be heterotrophic, "feeding" on DOM and particles such as bacteria TERM 56 Diatoms - Bacillariophyceae DEFINITION 56 often most important planktonic algae but also main attached algae in streamsoligotrophic and mesotrophic waterscell wall made of silicon called frustuleresistant to decay in sediments (paleolimnology)centric (radial symmetry) or pennate (feather-like shape)unicellular or filamentous TERM 57 crytomonads -- cryptophyceae DEFINITION 57 unicellularmotileusually in small numbers but periodically bloom maybe phagotrophic, eat bacteria TERM 58 Dinoflagellates -- Dinophyceae DEFINITION 58 unicellularflagellatedmotilemostly large, often with spinestoxic formscauses pfiesteria TERM 59 Euglenoids -- Euglenophyceae DEFINITION 59 unicellularflagellatedred photosensitive eye spotmany are phagotrophic, eat bacteria or absorb DOMmost often in eutrophic lakes TERM 60 Red algae -- Rhodophycae DEFINITION 60 uncommon in freshwaternone planktonic, mostly ins treamsusually indicate very clean water and near neutral pH TERM 71 fall circulation DEFINITION 71 temp decreasinglight decreasingzooplankton grazing may be lowrelatively high nutrientslarge diatoms often dominate TERM 72 large autumn decline DEFINITION 72 temp decreasing and lightnutrients low againphytoplankton decline TERM 73 potamoplankton DEFINITION 73 phytoplankton of large riverscan only exist in large,slow flowing rivers where their reproduction exceeds downstream transportusually diatoms and green algaegenerally small, rapidly growing TERM 74 factors that affect abundance of potamoplankton DEFINITION 74 current-- can only persist in large rivers discharge- washed out during floods, most important during periods of low flow nutrients- not usually important factor becuase large rivers have lots of nutrients light- large rivers are often turbid, and they are deep TERM 75 Benthic algae DEFINITION 75 epilithic- attached to rocksepiphytic- attached to plantsepipelic- attached to soft sedimentsepipsammic- epizooic-epixylic- TERM 76 Periphyton DEFINITION 76 benthic algaepeiphytic algae are usually dominant autotrophs of streamsusually diatoms, maybe some filamentous greens and cyanobacteriamay be in complex biofilm made of algae, fungi, bacteria, animals TERM 77 Aquatic macrophytes DEFINITION 77 MacroalgaeBryophytesAquatic vascular plants TERM 78 Bryophytes DEFINITION 78 mosses and liverwortsslow growinglittle contribution to primary productionneed free CO2 TERM 79 Aquatic vascular plants DEFINITION 79 most macrophytes are vascular plants emergent- cattails, watercress, water hyacinths, papyrus floating- water lillies submerged- potamogeton TERM 80 Macrophyte production is in important in which lakes? DEFINITION 80 lakes with large littoral zone relative to the limnetic zonemay be important in mid-sized streams TERM 81 Phylum Porifera DEFINITION 81 spongesno multicellular organsfound on encrusting growths on submerged sticksfilter particles from wateroften have algal symbionts (usually chlorella) TERM 82 Phylum Cnidaria DEFINITION 82 jellyfishradially symmetricalhydrafreshwater jellyfish TERM 83 Phylum Platyhelminthes DEFINITION 83 flatworms, flukes, and tapeworms TERM 84 Phylum nemertea DEFINITION 84 non-segmented worms TERM 85 Phylum Gastrotricha DEFINITION 85 among few animals that can withstand extended anoxia and concomitant exposure to sulfide TERM 96 Phylum Chordata DEFINITION 96 subphylum vertebrata7 classes:chondrichthyes- sharksagnatha-jawless fish (lampreys)osteichthyes- bony fishamphibiareptiliaavesmammalia TERM 97 Zooplankton DEFINITION 97 microscopic animals that are carried with currents, though some can swim pretty well protozoa and related protists rotifers cladocerans copepods TERM 98 flagellates DEFINITION 98 autotrophic = algaemixotrophic- autotrophic and consume bacteria dinoflagellates, chrysomonads, euglenoidsheterotrophic- major consumers of bacteria1-20 micro m TERM 99 ciliates DEFINITION 99 8-300 micro mmost feed on bacteria, algae, detritus, or other protozoamore significant in eutrophic lakesoften contain symbiotic green algae TERM 100 Sarcodines DEFINITION 100 poorly represented in zooplanktonamoeba TERM 101 Rotifers DEFINITION 101 bigger than protists, smaller than crustacea ciliated anterior end (locomotion and feeding- filter feeding) most omnivorous (algae, seston) some predatory often attached rather than planktonic TERM 102 Rotifer Reproduction DEFINITION 102 many generations of amictic, diploid femalesparthenogenesis, rapid development (2-5 d)occasionally a mictic female produces eggs by meosis unfertilized-- males fertilized-- resting egg-- amictic female Resting eggs are highly resistant to adverse environmental conditions. hatching occurs when the environment changes TERM 103 Cladocera-- order of crustacea DEFINITION 103 abdominal and thoracic segements fused no apparent segmentationDistinct head, bivalve carapacesecond antennae modified for swimming5 pair of legs (used for filtering particles from water in most species) TERM 104 Cladocera reproduction DEFINITION 104 generally parthenogenictriggered by physical factors low temp or drying or by biological factors such as crowding or low food supplyfertilized eggs develop inside cases called ephippia and can survive freezing and drying TERM 105 Copepoda DEFINITION 105 an order of crustaceaThree groups: cyclopoids (a) - teardrop shape, short antennae, two egg sacs Calanoids (c) - torpedo shape, very long antennae, one egg sac Harpacticoids (b) - mainly littoral, benthic; elongate, very short antennae TERM 106 Copepoda reproduction DEFINITION 106 relatively long life cycle months to years (in cold lakes)cannot respond rapidly to environmental changesgenerally 11 molts before becoming adult TERM 107 shredders DEFINITION 107 most shred CPOMsome eat vascular plantssome gouge wood TERM 108 Collectors DEFINITION 108 feed on FPOMcollector-filterers feed by filtering FPOM from suspension (seston)Collector-gatherers gather benthic FPOM (FBOM) TERM 109 Scrapers DEFINITION 109 scrape periphyton (attached algae) from rocks or other structures TERM 110 macrophyte piercers DEFINITION 110 feed by piercing and sucking on aquatic vascular plants TERM 121 Constant drift DEFINITION 121 occurs all the time, no pattern TERM 122 Why aren't upstream area denuded DEFINITION 122 Mullers colonization cycle upstream movements excess production reproduction more than compensates for predation and emergence TERM 123 Chondrichthyes DEFINITION 123 sharkscartilaginous skeletonone freshwater species TERM 124 Agnatha DEFINITION 124 jawless fishprimitivemost are marine parasitesone introduced freshwater species (sea lamprey) not parasitic TERM 125 Osteichthyes DEFINITION 125 bony fish8000 freshwater species TERM 126 anadromous migration DEFINITION 126 live as adults in salt water, breed in freshwater TERM 127 Catadromous migration DEFINITION 127 live as adults in salt water, breed in freshwaterEels TERM 128 Most fish are polyphagous DEFINITION 128 what they eat may change with life stage what they eat may be affected by competition TERM 129 adaptations of zooplankton DEFINITION 129 big and spiny transparent hide small TERM 130 fish absent vs. present DEFINITION 130 present- selectively feed on larger zooplankton small zooplankton, bloom of algae, low water transparency absent- large zooplankton outcompete smaller large zooplankton, few algae, pond clear TERM 131 Salamanders DEFINITION 131 predators TERM 132 frogs and toads DEFINITION 132 immatures aquatic scrapers, adults terrstrial predators but often feed on adult aquatic insects TERM 133 Sea lamprey DEFINITION 133 feed on bodily fluids of great lakes fisheach kills 40 lbs of fish massmgmt has reduced to 10% of precontrol populationstotal mgmt cost over 10 million per year TERM 134 mature female can produce one million eggs per year DEFINITION 134 zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) TERM 135 Environmental impact form zebra mussels DEFINITION 135 disrupts food chain promotes blue-green algae (toxic to some species, taste and odor problems) smother native mussle beds