Antimicrobial Agents: Terms, Definitions, and Mechanisms of Action, Quizzes of Biology

Download Antimicrobial Agents: Terms, Definitions, and Mechanisms of Action and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Paul Ehrlich DEFINITION 1 coined term chemotherapyMagic bullet to describe chemotherapeutic agents TERM 2 Antibiosis DEFINITION 2 against lifeAntibiotic: Selman Waksman"chemical substance produced by microorganisms which has capacity to inhibit the growth of bacteria and even destroy bacteria and other microorganisms in dilute solution TERM 3 bacteriocidal and Bacteriostatic DEFINITION 3 Bacteriodal-killingBacteriostatic: growth inhibiting TERM 4 Selective Toxicity DEFINITION 4 must harm microbes without causing significant damage to the host TERM 5 Therapeutic Index DEFINITION 5 maximal tolerable does per Kg body weight, divided by minimum does per Kg body weight TERM 6 Therapeutic dose or therapeutic ratio DEFINITION 6 LD/EDlethal does for 50% of population/effective does for 50% of the population TERM 7 Five Major Modes of Action of Antibacterial Drugs DEFINITION 7 Inhibition of Cell wall synthesisInhibition of Nucleic acid synthesisAction as antimetabolitesDisruption of cell membrane functionInhibition of protein synthesis TERM 8 Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis DEFINITION 8 ex) penicillin and cephalosporinantibiotics contain chemical structure called beta-lactam ring which interferes with the cross linking of the peptidoglycanBacitracin blocks cell wall synthesis by blocking basic sythesis of the cell wall by blocking the movement of key wall components from the cytoplasm through the membrane into the cell wall TERM 9 Disruption of Cell Membrane DEFINITION 9 certain polypeptide antibiotics such as polymyxins act as detergents and disorder bacterial membrance such that it leaksPOlyene antibiotics, like amphotericin B bind to particular sterols present in the membrane of fungi and don't act on bacteria and polymyxins don't act on fungiex) polymyxin TERM 10 Inhibition of Protein Synthesis DEFINITION 10 differences between bacterial and animal ribosomes allow antimicrobial agents to attack bacterial cells without significantly damaging animal cells-selective toxicityAminoglycosdie, like streptomycin act on 30S portion by interfering with translation of mRNA messageChloramphenicol and erythromycin act on 50S portion, inhibiting formation of growing polypeptide TERM 21 Cross Resistance DEFINITION 21 resistance to 2 or more similar antimicrobial agents via a common mechanismpenicillin is example TERM 22 How to limit drug resistance DEFINITION 22 1) high levels of an antibiotic can be maintained in the bodies of patents long enough to kill all pathogens2) Two antibiotics can be administered simultaneously3) Limiting antibiotics to essential uses only TERM 23 Ideal antimicrobial agent DEFINITION 23 solubility in body fluidsselective toxicitytoxicity to micro- organisms is not easily alterednon- allergenicstabilityresistance by micro-organismslong shelf lifereasonable cost TERM 24 Carbapenems DEFINITION 24 represent new group of bactericidal antibiotics with 2 part structure TERM 25 Imipenem DEFINITION 25 active antibacterial agent, degraded by renal enzyme dehydropeptidase TERM 26 Cilastatisn DEFINITION 26 dehydropeptidase inhibitor, blocks the effects of renal enzyme TERM 27 Bacitracin DEFINITION 27 prevents transfer of the pepitdoglycan building block synthesized within the cell from going through plasma membrane to outside of cell TERM 28 Vancomycin DEFINITION 28 prevents incorporation of NAM and NAG, which form major component of Gram positive cell walls TERM 29 Polymyxin DEFINITION 29 selectively toxic for gram negative, lipopolysaccaride molecule TERM 30 Polymyxin mode of action DEFINITION 30 alters cytoplasmic membrane permeabilitydissolves in hydrophobic region of membrane and dirsupts membran integrityleakage of cellular molecules, inhibiition of cellular respirationbinds and inactivates endotoxinRelative absence of selective toxicity TERM 31 Gentamcinn DEFINITION 31 aminoglycosidebind to the 16S subunit of the 30S ribosomeact synergistically with other antibiotics TERM 32 Tetracyclines DEFINITION 32 bind to 16S subunit of the 30s ribosomebacterostatic (used at high conc. for long time)readily absorbed from digestive tract and become widely distributed in tissues and body fluidswidest spectrum of activity of any antibiotics TERM 33 2 Chloramphenicol DEFINITION 33 bind to 50s subunit and blocks translaiontrigger aplastic anemia (body stops producing red and white cels in quantities TERM 34 Erythromycin DEFINITION 34 binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit and blocks translationonly common antibiotic that will combat legionnaires' disease TERM 35 Rifampin DEFINITION 35 blocks RNA transcription