Anatomy and Functioning of the Human Brain: Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Physiology

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TERM 1 Rostral DEFINITION 1 directional term meaning toward the snout (nose) to describe higher brain regions TERM 2 Adult brain weights DEFINITION 2 1500 g (3.3 lbs) TERM 3 Encephalos DEFINITION 3 brain TERM 4 Brain development DEFINITION 4 begins as neural tubeturns into primary brain vescicles containing forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrainGrows into secondary brain vesiclesGrows into adult brain structures with cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cordAdult neural central regions form TERM 5 4 parts brain is classified by DEFINITION 5 Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus)brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)Cerebellum TERM 6 Cortex DEFINITION 6 External sheet of gray matter at surface of brain TERM 7 Brain nuclei DEFINITION 7 Groups of neuron cell bodies (interior gray matter of the brain) TERM 8 Brain ventricles DEFINITION 8 expansions of brain's central cavity that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid TERM 9 Brain ventricles are continuous with: DEFINITION 9 each other and with central canal of spinal cord TERM 10 Lateral ventricals (1st and 2nd) DEFINITION 10 Located in cerebral hemispheres TERM 21 Job of parietal lobe DEFINITION 21 understanding speech (listening too) and cutaneous and muscle sensations (somatosensory area) TERM 22 Temporal lobe is spereated from the frontal lobe by DEFINITION 22 lateral sulcus (fissure) TERM 23 Temporal lobe is responsible for DEFINITION 23 hearing, raw data only (only receives sounds), memory of audio/visual perceptions TERM 24 Where is Wernicke's area found? DEFINITION 24 Temporal lobe TERM 25 What does Wernicke's area do DEFINITION 25 It's directly connected to the motor speech area TERM 26 Aphasia DEFINITION 26 speech/language disorders caused by damage to specific areas of the brain TERM 27 Most dorsal lobe DEFINITION 27 ocipital TERM 28 Ocipital lobe is responsible for DEFINITION 28 vision TERM 29 Insula DEFINITION 29 deep lobe that cannot be seen on the surface that appears to be involved in integration of other cerebral activities and memory TERM 30 Layers of the cerebrum from outermost to innermost DEFINITION 30 cerebral cortexwhite matterdeep gray matter TERM 31 Cerebral cortex is made of DEFINITION 31 gray matter which is nerve cell bodies TERM 32 Cerebral cortex has many DEFINITION 32 folds and grooves called convolutions which triple the areaElevated folds (ridges) of the convolutions called GyriDepressed grooves called Sulci TERM 33 Left hemisphere controls DEFINITION 33 language, math, logic TERM 34 right hemisphere controls DEFINITION 34 visual-spatial, intuition, art, music TERM 35 Why do cerebral hemispheres share most functions? DEFINITION 35 Commissures TERM 46 Vestibular cortex (balance) is found DEFINITION 46 insular lobe TERM 47 Olfactory cortex (smell) is found DEFINITION 47 piriform lobe TERM 48 Rhineencehpalon DEFINITION 48 nose brain that connects to limbic system-smells can trigger emotion TERM 49 Motor areas are found DEFINITION 49 in the frontal lobe TERM 50 Primar motor cortex is found DEFINITION 50 along precentral gyrus of frontal lobe TERM 51 What signals motor movements? DEFINITION 51 Large neurons called pyramidal cells-contralateral TERM 52 Premotor cortex is found DEFINITION 52 anterior to precentral gyrus TERM 53 job of premotor cortex DEFINITION 53 deals with more complex movements, planning TERM 54 What is found in motor areas? DEFINITION 54 Primary motor cortexPremotor cortexFrontal eye fieldBroca's area TERM 55 Is the cerebral white matter the inner or outer layer? DEFINITION 55 inner TERM 56 Found in deep gray matter DEFINITION 56 basal (forebrain) nucleiBasal ganglia TERM 57 Basal nuclei is found DEFINITION 57 anterior and dorsal to hypothalamus TERM 58 Job of basal nuclei DEFINITION 58 arousal, learning, memory, motor control TERM 59 Structure of basal nuclei DEFINITION 59 multiple structures TERM 60 Job of basal ganglia DEFINITION 60 comminucate with cerebral cortex; helps control movement TERM 71 What is the epithalamus DEFINITION 71 one group of neuclei and the pineal gland TERM 72 What does the epithalamus do? DEFINITION 72 secretes melatonin TERM 73 Functions of the brain stem DEFINITION 73 produces automatic behaviors necessary for survivalacts as passageway for all tracts running from cerebrum to spinal cordInvolved with innervation to face and head TERM 74 Structural plan of brain stem DEFINITION 74 outer white matter surrounding inner gray matter TERM 75 Midbrain involved in DEFINITION 75 locomotor function and auditory, potural, and visual functions TERM 76 Pns job DEFINITION 76 "bridge" connecting two sides of cerebellum TERM 77 Job of pons DEFINITION 77 relay center for cranial nerves to areas in headassists medulla in respiratory control (rate and depth of breathing) TERM 78 Most caudual part of brain stem DEFINITION 78 medulla TERM 79 Medulla is continuous with DEFINITION 79 spinal cord at foramen magnum TERM 80 Medulla contains DEFINITION 80 nerve tracts that run between brain and spinal cordNerve fibers within the tracts cross in pyramidal region allowing one side of the brain to receive info from and send info to other side of the body, called ddecussation TERM 81 decussation DEFINITION 81 crossing of info in brain TERM 82 Medulla is made up of DEFINITION 82 both white matter and gray matter whihc is where nuclie for cranial nerves are located TERM 83 job of medulla DEFINITION 83 autonimc function, especially cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor (smooth muscles in arteriorles-can increas BP) TERM 84 11% of the brains mass comes from DEFINITION 84 the cerebellum TERM 85 cerebellum is found DEFINITION 85 dorsal to pons and medulla TERM 96 Reticular Formtion DEFINITION 96 cluster of neurons with long axons that connect all over brain TERM 97 Where is the reticular formation found? DEFINITION 97 Through central core of medulla, pons, and midbrain TERM 98 Reticular activating system DEFINITION 98 communicates with cerebellum and controls consciousness TERM 99 Severe injury to reticular formation causes DEFINITION 99 coma TERM 100 Meninges DEFINITION 100 3 connective tissue membranes that lie external to brain and spinal cord and consists of dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater TERM 101 Dura mater 2 layers DEFINITION 101 periosteal that is in contact with boneMeningeal layer that forms external covering of brain TERM 102 Where are 2 dura matter layers fused DEFINITION 102 everywhere besides external coverings of brain TERM 103 What is dura mater composed of DEFINITION 103 dense CT TERM 104 Crainal dura mater has ___ layer(s) and spinal has ___ layer(s) DEFINITION 104 21 TERM 105 Arachnoid mater is located DEFINITION 105 deep to dura mater TERM 106 spaces between dura mater and arachnoid are DEFINITION 106 subdural spaces that contain fluid film TERM 107 arachnoid matter is _____ and cibtains: DEFINITION 107 net-like and contains subarachnoid space which contains CSF TERM 108 Subarachnoid space has DEFINITION 108 weblike strands that connect arachnoid and pia matter TERM 109 Pia mater is located DEFINITION 109 directly on top of brain and spinal cord and is bound to both TERM 110 What is the pia mater made of? DEFINITION 110 Modified loose CT TERM 121 Total CSF at one time DEFINITION 121 1/2 cup TERM 122 BBB is an arrangement of DEFINITION 122 capillaries, CT, and astrocytes TERM 123 BBB allows in DEFINITION 123 gases, glucose, ions, lipids, alcoholfat soluble substances allowed in because they can diffuse across cell membranes TERM 124 Where and why is the BBB absent in certain brain areas? DEFINITION 124 hypothalamus and other areas because it must be able to react to circumstances TERM 125 Where does the spinal cord run? DEFINITION 125 Through veterbral canal from foramen magnum to level of L1/L2 TERM 126 Functions of spinal cord DEFINITION 126 sensory and motor innervation of body inferior to headprovides a 2 way path for body-brain signalscenter for reflexes TERM 127 What is the spinal cord protected by? DEFINITION 127 bone, meninges, and CSF TERM 128 Dura mater in spinal cord DEFINITION 128 spinal dural sheath TERM 129 Epidural space DEFINITION 129 external to spinal dura, filled with fat and vein network (place where anesthesia administered) TERM 130 What are continuous with the brain elements in the brain elements of themselves in spinal cord DEFINITION 130 subdural spacearachnoid matersubarachnoid spacepia mater TERM 131 How many pairs of spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord and how? DEFINITION 131 31 pairs through dorsal and ventral nerve roots TERM 132 What are the 31 spinal nerves? DEFINITION 132 8 cervical12 thoracic5 lumbar5 sacral1 coccygeal TERM 133 Cauda equina DEFINITION 133 "horses tail"; collection of nerve roots at caudal end of spinal cord TERM 134 spinal cord segment DEFINITION 134 indicates region of emergence of spinal nerves designated according to nerves that arise-all lie superior to corresponding veretbra TERM 135 Spinal cord gray matter is the ___ and forms____ DEFINITION 135 inner regionH-crossbar is called gray commissure and contrains central canal, 2 posterior horns, and 2 anterior horns TERM 146 Huntington's disease DEFINITION 146 overstimulation of motor activities, limbs jerk uncontrollablyeInheritied-genetic defect is known TERM 147 Meningitis DEFINITION 147 Inflammation of meniges caused by bacterial or viral infection-can spread and cause inflammation of brain (encephalitis) TERM 148 Hydrocephalus DEFINITION 148 Excessive CSF in ventricles or subarachnoid space, puts pressure on brain TERM 149 Traumatic brain injutes include DEFINITION 149 concussioncontusionhemorrhaging TERM 150 Concussion DEFINITION 150 symptoms mild and transient TERM 151 Contusion DEFINITION 151 destruction of brain tissue TERM 152 Hemorrhaging DEFINITION 152 bleeing form ruptured vessels into subdural or arachnoid and swelling can occur TERM 153 Degenerative brain diseases DEFINITION 153 cerebrovascular accidentalzheimers TERM 154 Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) DEFINITION 154 strokeblockage/interruption of blood flow to brain (clot or burst vessel) TERM 155 Ischemia DEFINITION 155 lack of blood to tissue (then no oxygen) TERM 156 Alzheimer's disease DEFINITION 156 Progressive degenerative diseaseLoss of memory, short attention span, depression, disorientation-basal nuclei involved TERM 157 Spinal cord damage DEFINITION 157 paralyisparesthesiaparapelgiaquadriplegiamotor nuerons to diaphragm are in C3-C5; breathing affected TERM 158 parasthesia DEFINITION 158 abnormal/lost sensation TERM 159 paraplegia DEFINITION 159 damage between T1-L2; lower limbs afected TERM 160 quadriplegia DEFINITION 160 damage to cervical region (all 4 limbs affected)