Download Genetics and Mutations: Terms, Definitions, and Causes and more Quizzes Cell Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 mutation DEFINITION 1 heritable change in the genetic material TERM 2 point mutations DEFINITION 2 missensenonsenseframeshiftsilent TERM 3 gene mutations outside of coding sequences DEFINITION 3 promotertranscriptional regulatory element/operator siteslipce junctionstranslational regulatory element TERM 4 gene mutations outside of coding sequences: promoter DEFINITION 4 effect: may increase or decrease rate of transcription TERM 5 mutations outside: transcriptional regulatory element/operator site DEFINITION 5 effect: may alter the regulation of transcription TERM 6 gene mutations outside of coding sequences: splice junctions DEFINITION 6 may alter ability the ability of pre-mRNA to be properly spliced TERM 7 translational regulatory element DEFINITION 7 may alter the ability of mRNA to be translationally regulated TERM 8 Lederbergs experiment DEFINITION 8 replica platingmutations are random events TERM 9 germ-line mutation DEFINITION 9 A germline mutation is any detectable and heritable variation in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells are transmitted to offspring, while, on the other hand, those in somatic cells are not. TERM 10 spontaneous mutation DEFINITION 10 result from abnormalities in biological processesrates vary from species to species and gene to geneexpected rate of background mutation TERM 21 physical mutagen: x-ray DEFINITION 21 causes base deletions, single nicks in DNA strands, cross- linking, and chromosomal breaks TERM 22 physical mutagen: UV light DEFINITION 22 promotes pyrimidine dimer formation, which involves covalent bonds between adjacent pyrimidines (C or T) TERM 23 ionizing radiation DEFINITION 23 high energycan penetrate deeply and create free radicalsx- raygamma ray TERM 24 nonionizing radiation DEFINITION 24 less energycan only penetrate surfaceUV rays TERM 25 Ames test DEFINITION 25 The Ames test is a widely employed method that uses bacteria to test whether a given chemical can cause cancer. TERM 26 direct repair DEFINITION 26 enzyme removes a modificationex: removes alkyl group TERM 27 Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) DEFINITION 27 most commonregion encompassing several nucleotides in the damaged strand is removed from the DNAintact damaged strand is used as template for resynthesis of a normal complementary strandfound in all euks and proks TERM 28 cancer stats DEFINITION 28 in 10%, a higher predisposition to develop the disease is an inherited traitin 90%, dont involve genetic changes that are passed from parent to offspring TERM 29 carcinogens DEFINITION 29 increase likelyhood of cancer developomentabout 80% of all human cancers are related to exposure to carcinogens TERM 30 tumors DEFINITION 30 begin benigncancerous stage:-malignant = lost ability to control cell division-invasive = invade healthy tissue- metastatic = migrate to other body parts TERM 31 oncogene DEFINITION 31 mutations in these genes cause overexpression of genes and uncontrolled growthmutations in genes producing cell growth signaling proteins TERM 32 tumor-supressor genes DEFINITION 32 in natural state, suppress cancermutation allows uncontrolled growth TERM 33 growth factor DEFINITION 33 hormone that regulates cell growthbind to cell surfaceinitiate signaling to growleads to cell division which includes activating specific genes TERM 34 decision to divide DEFINITION 34 prok and simple euk: determined by environmentmulticellular:-environment-developmental stage- hormones regulate division in both plants and animals TERM 35 Ras becomes hyperactive by... DEFINITION 35 mutations that decrease GTPase activitymutations that increase rate of exchange of GDP for GTP
