Chapter 18 | PSYC 361 - Psychology of Personality, Quizzes of Personality Psychology

Download Chapter 18 | PSYC 361 - Psychology of Personality and more Quizzes Personality Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Health Psychology DEFINITION 1 The realization thatpsychologicaland behavioral factors can have important health consequences TERM 2 Stress DEFINITION 2 The subjective feeling produced by events that are uncontrollable or threatening. It is important to realize that stress is a RESPONSE to the perceived demands in some situation. Stress is not in the situation; stress refers to how people respond to a particular situation TERM 3 Interactional Model DEFINITION 3 Suggests that objective events happen to people, but personality factors determine the impact of those events by influencing people's ability to cope. In this model, personality has its effects on coping responses-that is, on how people respond to the event.One Problem: researchers were unable to identify stable coping responses that were consistently adaptive or maladaptive TERM 4 Transactional Model DEFINITION 4 Personality has three potential effects1) it can influence coping, as in the interactional model,2)it can influence how the person appraises or interprets the events3) it can influence the events themselves TERM 5 Health Behavior Model DEFINITION 5 Adds another factor to the transactional model.This model suggests that personalityinfluencesthe degree to which a person engages in various health-promoting or health- degrading behaviors TERM 6 Predisposition Model DEFINITION 6 Personality and illness are both expressions of an underlying predisposition. TERM 7 Illness Behavior Model DEFINITION 7 The action people take when they think they have an illness, such as complaining to others about their symptoms, going to a doctor, taking the day off from school or work, or taking medication. TERM 8 Stressors DEFINITION 8 Events that cause stress1) Stressors are extreme, in the sense that they produce a state of feeling overwhelmed, or overloaded, that one just cannot take it much longer2) Stressors often produce opposing tendencies, such as wanting and not wanting an activity or object3) Stressors are uncontrollable, outside our power to influence TERM 9 General Adaptation Syndrome DEFINITION 9 GAS1) Alarm Stage2) Resistance stage3) Exhaustion stage TERM 10 Alarm Stage DEFINITION 10 Fight or flight response of the sympathetic nervous system and the associated peripheral nervous system reaction. These include the release of hormones that prepare the body for challenge TERM 21 Richard Lazarus's Theory of Stress DEFINITION 21 Two cognitive events MUST occur1) primary appraisal2) secondary appraisalIf either of these appraisals is absent- if the person does not perceive the event as threatening, or if the person feels he or she has plenty of resources for coping with the threat- then stress is not evoked TERM 22 Primary Appraisal DEFINITION 22 The person has toperceivethat the event is a threat to his or her personal goals TERM 23 Secondary Appraisal DEFINITION 23 The person concludes that he or she does not have the resources to cope with the demands of the threatening event, or if the person feels he or she has plenty of resources for coping with the threat TERM 24 Attributional Style DEFINITION 24 A dispositional way of explaining the causes of bad eventsAttributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ)Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanations (CAVE) TERM 25 Optimists DEFINITION 25 Make unstable,specific, and external explanations for bad eventsBelieve that life events are unstable and specific and that what they do actuallyinfluencesoutcomes in life TERM 26 Pessimists DEFINITION 26 Make stable, global, and internal explanations for bad eventsBelieve they are pretty helpless when it comes to bad events, that bad events have long-lasting causes that adversely affect many aspects of their lives. TERM 27 Dispositional Optimism DEFINITION 27 The expectation that good events will be plentiful in the future, and that bad events will be rare in the future TERM 28 Self-Efficacy DEFINITION 28 the belief that one can do the behaviors necessary to achieve a desired outcome. Self-efficacy also is the confidence one has in one's ability to perform the actions needed to achieve a specific outcome. TERM 29 Coping with Stress DEFINITION 29 Positive emotions play three important roles in the stress process1) may sustain coping efforts2) may provide a break from stress3) may give people time and opportunity to restore depleted resources.Positive reappraisal- cognitive process whereby a personfocuseson the good in what is happening or has happenedProblem-focused coping- using thoughts and behaviors to manage or solve the underlying cause of the stressCreating positive events- creating a positive time-out from the stressHumor TERM 30 Optimistic Bias DEFINITION 30 The average person rating his or her risk as below what is the true probability.May actually lead people in general to ignore or minimize the risks inherent in life or to take more risks than they should TERM 31 Optimism and Physical Well-Being DEFINITION 31 Pessimists have more accidental deaths and deaths due to violent causes, resulting in a generally shorter life span, on average, than that of the optimists.Perhaps pessimists are motivated to escape their gloomy moods by choosing exciting but risky situations and activitiesOptimism and Health behaviors run about .20 or .30 TERM 32 Emotional Inhibition DEFINITION 32 Controlling your anxiety or hiding the fact that you are disappointed.Emotional inhibition is seen as a positive thing from a developmental stand point. Children learn to do this at an early age, around 3, and is seen as a major developmental achievementSuppressing emotions takes effort and exerts physiological costs above and beyond the emotional arousalPeople who suppressed their negative emotions had worse interpersonal relations and lower levels of well-being than the more expressive persons.Prefrontal cortex of brainSomeone who characteristically inhibits the free expression of emotion may suffer the effects of chronic sympathetic nervous system arousal. The more people expressed their feelings to their partners, the fewer problems they reported in their relationships. TERM 33 Disclosure DEFINITION 33 Telling someone about a private aspect of oneselfPennebaker argues that NOT discussing traumatic, negative, or upsetting events can lead to problems. IT takes physical energy, he says, to inhibit the thoughts and feelings associated with such events.People who keep unpleasant information about themselves a secret are more likely to develop anxiety or depression than those who tell someone TERM 34 Type A Personality DEFINITION 34 Competitive, aggressive, active, energetic, ambitious, driven, achievement motivation, time urgency, hostility, frustration TERM 35 Competitive Achievement motivation DEFINITION 35 Type A persons like to work hard and achieve goals