Empiricism and Research Methods in Philosophy and Psychology, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Empiricism and Research Methods in Philosophy and Psychology and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 empiricism DEFINITION 1 In philosophy, empiricism is a theory of knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from sense experience. TERM 2 method DEFINITION 2 a set of rules and techniques for observation that allow researhcers to avoid the illusions,mistakes and erroneous conclusions that simple observation can produce TERM 3 operational definition DEFINITION 3 a description of an abstract property in terms of a concrete condition that can be measured TERM 4 measure DEFINITION 4 a device that can detect the measurable events to which an operational definition refers TERM 5 electromyograph (EMG) DEFINITION 5 a desvice that measures muscle contractions under the surface of a person's skin TERM 6 validity DEFINITION 6 the characteristic of an observation that allows one to draw accurate inferences from it TERM 7 construct validity DEFINITION 7 the tendency for an operational definition and a property to have a clear conceptual relation TERM 8 predictive validity DEFINITION 8 the tendency for an operational definition to be related to other operational definitions TERM 9 reliability DEFINITION 9 the tendency for a measure to produce the same result whenver it is used to measure the same thing TERM 10 power DEFINITION 10 the tendency for a measure to produce different results when it is used to measure different things TERM 21 correlation DEFINITION 21 the "co-relationship" or pattern of covariation between two variables, each of which has been measured several times TERM 22 correlation coefficient DEFINITION 22 A statistical measure of the direction and strength of a correlation which is signified by the letter r TERM 23 natural correlation DEFINITION 23 a correlation observed between naturally occurring variables TERM 24 third-variable correlation DEFINITION 24 the fact that two variables may be correlated only because thy are both caused by a third variable TERM 25 matched samples DEFINITION 25 an observational technique that involves matching the average of the participants in the experimental and control groups in order to eliminate the possibility that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable TERM 26 matched pairs DEFINITION 26 an observational technique that involves matching each participant in the experimental group with a specific participant in the control group in order to eliminate the possibilty that a third variable (and not the independent variable) caused changes in the dependent variable TERM 27 third- variable problem DEFINITION 27 the fact that the casual relationship between two variable cannot be inferred from the correlation between them because of the ever-present possibilty of third variable correlation TERM 28 experiment DEFINITION 28 a technique for establishing the causual relationship between variables TERM 29 manipulation DEFINITION 29 a characteristic of experimentation in which the researcher artificially creates a pattern of variation in an independent variable in oder to determine its causal powers. Manipulation usually results in the creation of an experimental group and a control group TERM 30 self-selection DEFINITION 30 the case in which a participant's inclusion in the experimental or control group is determined by the participant TERM 31 randomization DEFINITION 31 a procedure to ensure that a participants inclusion in the experimental or control group is not determined by a third variable TERM 32 external validity DEFINITION 32 a characteristic of an experiment in which the independent and dependent variables are operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way TERM 33 theory DEFINITION 33 a hpotherical account of how and why a phenomenon occurs usually in the form fo a statement about the causal relationship between two or more properties. Theories lead to hypotheses TERM 34 hypothesis DEFINITION 34 a specific and testable prediction that is usualy derived from a theory TERM 35 random sampling DEFINITION 35 a technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample