Chapter 22- The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates | CHEM 2260 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II, Quizzes of Organic Chemistry

Download Chapter 22- The Organic Chemistry of Carbohydrates | CHEM 2260 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II and more Quizzes Organic Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 monosaccharides DEFINITION 1 simple sugars TERM 2 disaccharides DEFINITION 2 2 monosaccharides linked together TERM 3 oligosaccharides DEFINITION 3 have 3 to 10 monosaccharides linked togetheroligos means few TERM 4 polysaccharides DEFINITION 4 10 or more monosaccharides linked together TERM 5 aldose DEFINITION 5 ald- aldehydeose-sugara polyhydroxy aldehydea monosacchairde TERM 6 ketose DEFINITION 6 polyhydroxy ketonemonosaccharide TERM 7 triose tetrose DEFINITION 7 monosaccharide with three carbonsmonosaccharide with four carbons TERM 8 pentose hexose heptose DEFINITION 8 monosaccharide with 5, 6, 7 carbons TERM 9 D and L Notation DEFINITION 9 D- OH group on rightL-OH group on leftcorresponds to OH group next to bottom mostasymmetriccenter TERM 10 Erythrose DEFINITION 10 Both OH groups are on the same side TERM 21 Br2 as oxidizing agent DEFINITION 21 Br2 + waterTurns an aldose into an aldonic acidCOH --> COOHused to determine if an aldehyde is present because red colorfrom Br2 will go awayIf color persists than the monosaccharide is a ketose TERM 22 Tollens reagent DEFINITION 22 Oxidizes aldoses and ketosesThe ketose can be oxidized because the conditions are basic and the ketose converts into an aldose in the first step1. HO-2. Ag+ , NH3 HO-Product is carboxylate ion TERM 23 Aldaric Acid DEFINITION 23 Both the aldehyde and the primary alcohol groups of an aldose are oxidizedMade with HNO3 and heat TERM 24 Osazone DEFINITION 24 a sugar hydrazonean aldose or ketose reacts with three equivalents ofphenylhydrazine and trace acid TERM 25 Kilani-Fischer Synthesis DEFINITION 25 Lengthens the carbon chainHydrogen cyanide adds to the carbonyl group in the first stepCarbonyl carbon in starting material is converted to an asymmetric center, two products are formedcyanide bond is reduces to an imine using H2 Pd/BaSO4Imines are hydrolyzed ti aldosesForms a pair of C-2 epimers in unequal amounts TERM 26 Wohl Degradation DEFINITION 26 Shortens the carbon chainAldehyde reacts with hydroxylamine to form an oximeHeating with acetic anhydride dehydrates the oxime, formind a nitrileAll the OH groups are converted to estersTreatment with base bydrolyzes the ester groupsCyano group is eliminated with base hydrolysis as well TERM 27 Haworth Projection DEFINITION 27 the six-membered ring is represented as flat and is viewededge-onThe ring oxygen is always placed in the back right-hand cornerof the ring with the anomeric carbon (C-1) on the right-hand side of the and the primary alcohol drawn up from the back left-hand corner TERM 28 Cyclic Hemiacetals DEFINITION 28 Monosaccharides form themOH of carbon next to alcohol bonds to carbonyl carbon TERM 29 Anomers DEFINITION 29 two sugars that differ in configuration only at the carbon that was the carbonyl carbon in the open-chain formthis carbon is called the anomeric carbon TERM 30 Mutarotation DEFINITION 30 A slow change in optical rotation to an equilibrium valueoccurs when the hemiacetal is dissolved in water TERM 31 Pryanoses DEFINITION 31 6-membered ring sugars TERM 32 Furanoses DEFINITION 32 5-membered ring sugars TERM 33 Why is glucose most stable aldohexose?? DEFINITION 33 It has the most stable chair conformationOnly the anomeric carbon has the OH group in the axial positionfor alpa-D- glucoseAll other groups areequatorialBeta-D-glucose is most stable with everything equatorial TERM 34 Glycoside DEFINITION 34 Acetal of ketal of a sugarNamed by replacing the "e" ending of the sugar's name with "ide" TERM 35 Glycosidic Bond DEFINITION 35 The bond between the anomeric carbon and the alkoxy oxygen