Plant Biology: Terms & Definitions for Monocots, Dicots, Meristem Cells, & Growth, Quizzes of Biology

Download Plant Biology: Terms & Definitions for Monocots, Dicots, Meristem Cells, & Growth and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Monocots DEFINITION 1 Inludes grasses, lilies, palms, and orchids TERM 2 Dicots DEFINITION 2 Include deciduous trees, bushes, and garden flowers TERM 3 Meristem Cells DEFINITION 3 Embryonic, undifferentiated cells capable of mitotic cell division TERM 4 Differentiated Cells DEFINITION 4 Cells that have specialized functions and structures Continued divisions of meristem cells that keep a plant growing throughout its life TERM 5 Apical Meristem Cells DEFINITION 5 Located at the ends of roots and shoots, including main stems and branches TERM 6 Lateral Meristems DEFINITION 6 Also called Cambia Form cylinders that run parallel to the long axis of roots and stems TERM 7 Primary Growth DEFINITION 7 Occurs by the mitotic cell division of apical meristem cells, followed by differentiation of the resulting daughter cells. Takes place in roots Responsible for increase in length and development of specialized plant structures TERM 8 Secondary Growth DEFINITION 8 Responsible for increase in diameter Occurs by the division of lateral meristem cells and differentiation of daughter cells. Causes stems and roots of most conifers and dicots to become thicker and woodier. Occurs in stems and roots TERM 9 1. Dermal 2. Ground 3. Vascular DEFINITION 9 3 major structures of land plants including roots, stems, and leaves TERM 10 Dermal Tissue System DEFINITION 10 Covers the outer surface of the plant body TERM 21 Parenchyma Tissue DEFINITION 21 Most abundant of the ground tissue. Thin walled and alive at maturity. Carry out most of the metabolic activities of the plant Functions: photosynthesis, storage of sugars and starches, and secretion of hormones TERM 22 Collenchyma Tissue DEFINITION 22 Consists of elongated, polygonal cells with unevenly thickened cell walls Alive at maturity but usually cannot divide Somewhat flexible TERM 23 Sclerenchyma Tissue DEFINITION 23 Consists of cell with thick, hardened secondary cell walls(located between the outer primary wall and the plasma membrane) reinforced with the stiffening substance lignin Support and strengthen plant body Die after differentiation Found in xylem and phloem TERM 24 Xylem and Phloem DEFINITION 24 Vascular Tissue consists of 2 complex conducting tissues Major role of each tissue is transport of materials TERM 25 Xylem DEFINITION 25 Conducts water and minerals from toots to shoots in tubes that are made from TRACHEIDS and VESSEL ELEMENTS TERM 26 Tracheids DEFINITION 26 Thin, tubelike cells with thick cell walls Stacked atop one another with slanted end overlapping Contain pits - porous sections where secondary cell wall are absent; allow water and minerals to pass from one tracheid to the next or from a tracheid to an adjacent vessel element. TERM 27 Vessel Element DEFINITION 27 Larger in diameter than tracheids Form wide-diameter, relatively unobstructed pipelines from root to leaf. TERM 28 Conifers and Flowering Plants DEFINITION 28 Flowering Plants = usually have both tracheids and vessel elements Conifers = have only tracheids TERM 29 Phloem DEFINITION 29 Carries water containing dissolved substances synthesized by the plant, including sugars, amino acids, and hormones. TERM 30 Sieve tubes DEFINITION 30 Surrounded by schelerchyma cells of phloem constructed of single strand of cells called sieve tube elements TERM 31 Sieve plates DEFINITION 31 Holes at the ends of sieve-tube elements where adjacent cells meet. Connect sieve tube elements TERM 32 Companion Cell DEFINITION 32 Adjacent to sieve tubes nourishes sieve-tube elements Connected to sieve-tube elements by cytoplasm-filled channels called plasmodesmata TERM 33 Xylem DEFINITION 33 Water is obtained from the soil and transported to the leaf through__________. TERM 34 1. Blades 2. Petioles DEFINITION 34 2 major parts of leaves TERM 35 Petiole DEFINITION 35 Stalk of leaf Positions the blade in space, usually orienting the leaf for maximum exposure to the sun TERM 46 Vascular Cambium and Primary Phloem DEFINITION 46 (meristematic tissue that produce secondary xylem and phloem) From concentric cylinders or may appear as a ring of bundles running up the stem: each bundle contains both phloem and xylem TERM 47 Lateral Bud DEFINITION 47 Cluster of dormant meristem cells left behind by the apical meristem as the stem grows. Located at nodes just above attachment points of leaves. produces its own leaf primordia and lateral buds as it grows TERM 48 Secondary Growth in Stems DEFINITION 48 Result from cell division in 2 lateral meristems: Vascular cambium and Cork Cambium TERM 49 Bark DEFINITION 49 Includes all the tissues outside the vascular cambium: phloem, cork cambium, and cork cells TERM 50 Primary Root DEFINITION 50 First root to develop. Grows down into the soil. TERM 51 Taproot System DEFINITION 51 Developed by many dicots such as carrots Consists of the primary root and many smaller roots that grow out from its sides. TERM 52 Fibrous Root System DEFINITION 52 Developed by monocots such as grasses and palms. The primary root system dies off, replaced by many new roots that emerge from the base of the stem all nearly equal in size. TERM 53 1. Root Cap 2. Outer Envelope of Epidermis 3. Adjacent Internal Layer of Cortex 4. Core=Vascular Cylinder DEFINITION 53 4 distinct regions in in both taproot and fibrous root systems caused by divisions of the apical meristem TERM 54 Root Cap DEFINITION 54 At the very tip of the root Protects the apical meristem from being scraped off as the root pushes down between the rocky particles of the soil. TERM 55 Pericycle DEFINITION 55 Forms root branches. The outer most layer of the vascular cylinder Divide and form apical meristem of branch root, a root that branches off from an existing root TERM 56 Cortex DEFINITION 56 Occupies most of the inside of a young root. Consists of an outer mass of large, loosely packed parenchyma cells just beneath the epidermis and an inner layer of smaller, close- fitting cells that form a ring around the vascular cylinder called the endodermis. TERM 57 Casparian strip DEFINITION 57 A band of fatty, waterproof material in cell wall of each endodermal cell Prevents water from traveling through the cell walls between endodermal cells, but does not cover the cell surfaces that face the rest of the cortex or those that face the vascular cylinder Forces water that enters the vascular cylinder to move by osmosis through the living membranes of the endodermal cells. TERM 58 Vascular Cylinder DEFINITION 58 Contains the conducting tissues of the xylem and phloem, which transport water and dissolved material within the plan TERM 59 Pericycle DEFINITION 59 Outermost layer of vascular cylinder which is located just inside the endoderm of the cortex. Receives water and minerals from the endodermal cells and actively transport the minerals into the interior of the vascular cylinder TERM 60 Minerals DEFINITION 60 Mostly moved from soil against concentration gradient by active transport through water ATP - produced in mitochondria of roots by synthesized sugar from photosynthesis transported by phloem ATP produced by cellular respiration in roots drives the active transport of minerals.