Biology Terminology: A Comprehensive Glossary of Key Biological Terms, Quizzes of Biology

Download Biology Terminology: A Comprehensive Glossary of Key Biological Terms and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Adenosine Triphosphate DEFINITION 1 molecule compound composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and two phosphate groups. a component of ATP TERM 2 Amino Acid DEFINITION 2 subunit of which proteins are made, composed of a central carboxyl group a hydrogen atom and a variable group of atoms denoted by the letter R. TERM 3 Carbohydrate DEFINITION 3 A compound composed of carbonm hydrogen, and oxygen with the approximate chemical formula including sugars and starches. TERM 4 Cellulose DEFINITION 4 an insoluble carbohydrate composed of gluclose subunits. form the cell wall of plants TERM 5 Chitin DEFINITION 5 a compund found in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of insects and some other anthropods, composed of chains of nitrogen containing modified glucose molecules. TERM 6 Dehydration Synthesis DEFINITION 6 a chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by a covalent bond with the simultaneous removal of a hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group from the other, forming water, the reverse of hydrolysis. TERM 7 Denature DEFINITION 7 to disrupt the secondary and/or tertiary structure of a protein while leaving its amino acid sequence intact. denatured proteins can no longer perform their biological functions. TERM 8 DNA DEFINITION 8 a molecule composed of deoxyribose nucleotides. contains the genetic information of all living cells. TERM 9 Disaccharide DEFINITION 9 a carbohydrate formed by the covalent bonding of the two monosaccharides. TERM 10 Disulfide Bridge DEFINITION 10 the covalent bonds formed between the sulfur atoms of two cysteines in a prtein, typically causes the protein to fold by bringing otherwise distant parts of the protein together. TERM 21 monosaccharide DEFINITION 21 the basic moleculer unit of all carbohydrates, normally composed of a chain of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and hydroxyl groups. TERM 22 Nucleic Acids DEFINITION 22 an organic molecule composed of nucleotide subunits; the two common types of nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid RNA and DNA TERM 23 Nucleotide DEFINITION 23 a subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; a phosphate group bonded to a sugar which is in turn bonded to a nitrogen-containing base. nucleotides are linked together forming a strand. TERM 24 Oil DEFINITION 24 a lipid composed of three fatty acids, some of which are unsaturated. covalently bonded to a molecule of glycerol; liquid at room temp. TERM 25 Peptide Bond DEFINITION 25 the covalent bond between the amino acids groups nitrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl groups carbon of a second amino acid. joining the two amino acids together in a peptide or protein. TERM 26 Peptide DEFINITION 26 a chain composed of two or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. TERM 27 Phospholipids DEFINITION 27 a lipid consisting of glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and are phosphate group, which bears another group of atoms, typically charged and containing nitrogen. a double layer of phosopholipids is a component of all cellular membranes. TERM 28 Pleated Sheet DEFINITION 28 a form of secondary structure exhibited by certain proteins, such as silk, in which many protein chains lie side by side, with hydrogen bonds holding adjacent chains together. TERM 29 Polymer DEFINITION 29 a molecule composed of three or more smaller subunits called monomers which may be identical or different. TERM 30 Polysaccharide DEFINITION 30 a large carbohydrate molecule composed of branched or unbranched chains of repeating monosaccharide subunits, normally glucose or modified glucose molecules; includes starches, cellulose and glycogen.