CHAPTER 3 PROMOTING EMPLOYEE HEALTH AND SAFETY EXAMS WITH CORRECTLY ANSWERED QUESTION, Exams of Business Economics

Download CHAPTER 3 PROMOTING EMPLOYEE HEALTH AND SAFETY EXAMS WITH CORRECTLY ANSWERED QUESTION and more Exams Business Economics in PDF only on Docsity! 1 / 31 CHAPTER 3 PROMOTING EMPLOYEEHEALTH AND SAFETY EXAMS WITH CORRECTLY ANSWERED QUESTION 1 : Organizational culture is an organization’s personality.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 2 : The collective understanding of beliefs and values that guide how employees act and behave is known as employee engagement.a. Trueb. False A : 2 / 31 true B : fals e Correct Answer : B 3 : Organizational culture happens rapidly.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 4 : The original business owner usually establishes an organization’s culture.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 5 : Organizational culture can change over time.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 6 : Organizational culture is easy to change.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 5 / 31 engagement.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 14: An organization’s culture has a large impact on employee engagement.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 15: Organizations are paying decreasing attention to the concept of employee engagement.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : B 16: One of the key contributors to employee engagement is an employee’s satisfaction with their wages or salary.a. Trueb. False A : true B : 6 / 31 fals e Correct Answer : B 17: An organization’s reputation for social responsibility, leadership, trust and integrity, and 7 / 31 total rewards has no impact on employee engagement.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 18: Employee turnover, absenteeism, tenure and retention and customer satisfaction are all affected by employee engagement.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 19: Occupational health and safety is regulated entirely by provincial and territorial governments.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : B 20: An occupational illness is any abnormal condition or disorder caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with 10 / 25: Most organizations have a full-time health and safety officer.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 26: Under health and safety legislation, it is the employee’s responsibility to comply with all applicable acts and regulations.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 27: The number of workplace accidents each year in Canada has declined.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 28: It is the supervisor’s duty to ensure that workers use or wear safety equipment, devices, or clothing.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals 11 / e Correct Answer : A 29: Penalties for violations of health and safety regulations include substantial fines, as well as jail terms.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 30: The criminal code has been changed to make it easier to bring criminal charges against employers when a worker is injured or killed on the job.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 31: Under workers’ compensation, injured workers are entitled to a cash payout in the case of permanent disability.a. Trueb. False A : true 12 / B : fals e Correct Answer : A 32: One aim of Workers’ Compensation is to return injured or ill workers to work as soon as possible.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e 15 / 39: The majority of employers have a formal safety program.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 40: Including specific safety goals is one element of a successful safety incentive program.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e 16 / Correct Answer : A 41: Many organizations advocate employee involvement when designing and implementing safety programs.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 42: The success of a safety program depends largely on the HR department.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 43: An organization with a formal safety program generally has a joint health and safety committee comprised of representatives from management, different departments and a pool of employees.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 17 / 44: Probably the most important role of a safety program is motivating managers, supervisors, and subordinates to be aware of safety considerations.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 45: Most organizations have safety awareness programs that entail the use of several different media.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 46: The HR department is the main source of safety-related information for employees.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals 20 / A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 52: Employers are required by law to compile and post an annual summary of work-related injuries and illnesses.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 53: Incidence rates are useful for making comparisons between work groups within an organization.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 54: Some estimates suggest that bullying in the workplace affects five percent of employees.a. 21 / Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : B 55: In recent years, hazards in jobs outside the plant, such as offices and airports, have been recognized, and preventive methods have been adopted.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e 22 / Correct Answer : A 56: All workers must be trained in the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS).a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 57: WHMIS labels are designed to alert the worker that the container holds a potentially hazardous substance.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 58: Many provinces and municipal bylaws restrict people from smoking too close to building entrances.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e 25 / Correct Answer : A 64: Recent federal and provincial legislative changes have expanded the responsibility of employers to ensure that their work environment is free of violence.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 65: Stress is physiological, mental, or emotional tension in response to a demanding environment.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 66: An international study across more than 100 countries found that employees feel less stress at work than they did five years ago.a. Trueb. False A : true 26 / B : fals e Correct Answer : B 67: If at all possible, one should avoid stress.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 68: More than 70 percent of employees report that they have experienced stress at work.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : A 69: The first step in coping with stress is to recognize the symptoms and identify the sources of stress.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e 27 / Correct Answer : A 70: There is no correlation between good physical health and the ability to cope with stressors.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : B 71: Improved employee health is associated with lower levels of absenteeism, increased efficiency, and better morale.a. Trueb. False 30 / e Correct Answer : A 78: Alcoholism primarily affects blue-collar workers.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 79: The first step in helping someone with alcoholism is to help them to understand the reality 31 / of the condition.a. Trueb. False A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 80: A supervisor cannot discipline a person who is drug or alcohol dependent because substance dependency is considered an illness.a. Trueb. False A : true B : fals e Correct Answer : B MULTIPLE CHOICE 81: Which of the following best defines “organizational culture”? A : goals and objectives for individual departments across an organization B : collective understanding of beliefs and values that guide how employees act and behave C : written guidelines and polices that are designed to guide employee behaviour D : the structure and governing policies of an organization 32 / Correct Answer : B 82: What part of an organization can organizational culture be considered to be a part of? A : personality B : structure C : standards D : its guidelines Correct Answer : A 83: Organizational culture usually begins with which of the following? A : employees B : marketing department C : original business owner D : managers Correct Answer : C 84: Which statement best describes organizational culture? A : It remains static. B : It may change overnight. C : It builds over time. D : It cannot be changed. Correct Answer : C 85: How do an organization’s beliefs and values build over time? A : by making no key changes to the management team B : through ongoing and dedicated efforts 35 / organizational culture accepts failures as part of the learning process? A : Clients don’t trust the product. B : Employees learn to fail. C : Organizations are more successful. D : Organizations are less successful. Correct Answer : C 90: In addition to their personal values, what influences how different generations of employees relate to their organizations? A : beliefs B : education C : expectations D : desires Correct Answer : C 91: Which of the following does organizational culture affect? A : rewards B : retention C : management D : promotion Correct Answer : B 36 / 92: What is employee engagement? A : interacting with others in the organization B : behaving appropriately towards manager C : handling constructive feedback in a positive manner D : commitment and dedication to the organization Correct Answer : D 93: Which term refers to employee commitment and dedication to the organization? A : organizational culture B : employee perseverance C : employee engagement D : employee satisfaction Correct Answer : C 94: Which statement is an example of what an organization’s culture looks like in practice? A : All staff attend a new hire orientation in their first month of employment. B : There is a casual dress code in place, including Friday jean days. C : Recruitment is done both internally and externally. D : They conduct employment engagement surveys. Correct Answer : B 95: What are some drivers of employee engagement? A : wage rate and rewards, employee age, team development B : total rewards, social responsibility, trust 37 / and integrity C : social programs, team development, leadership style D : price, promotion, place, product Correct Answer : B 96: What organizational outcomes are affected by employee engagement? A : promotions, productivity, bonuses B : retention, incentive pay, referrals C : team development, sales projections, bonuses D : turnover, absenteeism, loyalty Correct Answer : D 97: Which of the following increases when there is a good fit between an employee’s skills, job requirements, and an organization’s culture? A : satisfacti on B : productiv ity C : engagem ent D : turnover Correct Answer : C 98: Why do health and safety concern both managers and supervisors? A : Customer service, as well as safety, is 40 / lead to an industrial disease? A : chemical burns B : leg fracture C : inhalation of asbestos D : cumulative trauma disorders Correct Answer : C 103: Employers are required to report any accidents that cause injuries or diseases to which of the following? A : occupational health and safety officer B : company doctor C : local health officials D : Workers’ Compensation Correct Answer : D 104: Which of the following is an employee responsibility for health and safety? A : to perform all duties assigned, regardless of risk of exposure to hazards B : to implement health and safety programs C : to follow all safety rules and regulations D : to report all unsafe conditions to the workers’ compensation board Correct Answer : C 41 / 105: Which of the following is an employee responsibility for health and safety? A : to perform all duties assigned, regardless of risk of exposure to hazards B : to implement health and safety programs C : to develop safety rules and regulations D : to report all unsafe conditions Correct Answer : D 106: Which of the following is an employee responsibility for health and safety? A : to perform all duties assigned, regardless of risk of exposure to hazards B : to implement health and safety programs C : to wear all prescribed safety equipment D : to document all unsafe conditions for safety committees Correct Answer : C 107: What is a supervisor’s duty under health and safety legislation? A : to take every precaution to guarantee that all company equipment works safely B : to ensure that workers use or wear safety equipment, devices, or clothing C : to write the online safety manual and reporting forms D : to report a work refusal to the appropriate government agency Correct Answer : B 108: What is part of an employer’s 42 / obligation under health and safety regulations? A : to provide a hazard-free workplace B : to ensure that workers use or wear safety equipment, devices, or clothing C : to compensate employees who have been injured or have become ill due to work-related factors D : to question employees who have filed safety complaints with the ministry of labour Correct Answer : A 109: What is the main goal of Workers’ Compensation? A : to deal with industrial disease and illness B : to assess and pay claims C : to provide unlimited medical aid D : to return the employee to his or her job (or some modification thereof) as soon as possible Correct Answer : D 110: Which of the following can help reduce Workers’ Compensation costs? A : prevent injuries through proper ergonomic design of the job B : establish employee-led wellness committees C : publish all occupational health and safety violations D : reduce the amount of common payouts Correct Answer : A 45 / acts Correct Answer : D 115: Which term refers to a disease resulting from exposure relating to a particular process, trade, or occupation in industry? A : industrial disease B : occupational disease C : environmental disease D : occupational illness Correct Answer : A 116: As a result of an accident at work in a manufacturing company, an individual had two fingers amputated. Which term best describes this type of incident? A : occupational amputation B : occupational injury C : occupational disability D : industrial disease Correct Answer : B 117: Employers are responsible for which of the following health and safety responsibilities? A : investigating accidents B : ensuring that managers are familiar with work and 46 / associated hazards C : reporting hazardous conditions or defective equipment D : ensuring that employees use or wear safety equipment 47 / Correct Answer : B 118: What percentage of mental health problems can be successfully treated with early detection and treatment? A : 10 percent B : 50 percent C : 80 percent D : 100 percent Correct Answer : C 119: What is one way to reduce Workers’ Compensation costs? A : Hire only employees over the age of 21. B : Perform an audit to assess high-risk areas within a workplace. C : Advocate for stricter legislation. D : Encourage supervisors to monitor younger workers more closely. Correct Answer : B 120: What is one of the legal roles of supervisors with respect to ensuring the safety of workers? A : to administer employee disciplinary procedures B : to communicate to all workers how to work safely 50 / 124: Which of the following is one of the roles of joint health and safety committees? A : to advise employers on health and safety matters B : to resolve accidents C : to report hazardous conditions or defective equipment D : to conduct orientation programs Correct Answer : A 125: Which term refers to the number of injuries and illnesses per 100 full-time employees during a given year? A : lost-time injuries B : critical incident injuries C : incidence rate D : injury-reporting procedures Correct Answer : C 126: What do organizations with formal safety programs generally have? A : board members representing employees B : joint employee and management safety committees C : legal counsel D : subordinates Correct Answer : B 127: What is the most important role of a safety program? A : to show employees that safety is a serious issue and that those unable to perform their jobs safely will be terminated B : to motivate managers, supervisors, and subordinates to be aware of safety considerations 51 / C : to keep injury and illness costs at a minimum D : to maintain injuries at a reasonable level while maintaining high productivity Correct Answer : B 128: What is the most effective way for an organization to communicate its safety rules? A : include them in a new employee orientation program B : create employee handbooks C : post them as bulletin board notices D : communicate them through the supervisors Correct Answer : D 129: What is one use of incidence rates? A : to make comparisons between comparable units within an organization B : to determine which supervisors run the most effective teams C : to identify and reprimand careless employees D : to note which employees need more training Correct Answer : A 130: Of the following penalties, which one is least likely to be used to deal with employees who are safety risks, except for serious violations? A : a verbal reprimand 52 / B : termination/dismissal C : suspension D : a written reprimand Correct Answer : B 131: What is the name of the information system for labelling hazardous substances? A : Canada Safety Council (CSC) B : Safety Data Sheets (SDS) C : Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) D : Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Correct Answer : C 132: There are a variety of ways that safety rules are enforced. What is the most effective way to help employees understand the organization’s health and safety rules? A : to provide an employee training manual B : to ensure access to the online health and safety regulations C : to post signs that state employees must follow workers’ compensation laws D : to have a supervisor who provides on-the-job coaching in health and safety Correct Answer : D 133: What are many employers doing to reduce after-hours use of company smart phones? A : providing only mid- and high-level employees with devices B : creating mandated blackout periods 55 / 140: One of your colleagues is having a lot of trouble with his computer and has not been able to complete any of his work today. Angry, he slams his coffee mug down on the desk so hard that it breaks. What is this an example of? A : verbal abuse B : harassment C : threatening behaviour D : job stress Correct Answer : C 141: How can employees prevent repetitive strain injuries? A : take mini-breaks involving exercises B : use anti-inflammatories C : schedule physiotherapy D : switch to part-time hours Correct Answer : A 142: Bullying is a type of what? A : physical violence B : psychological harassment C : domestic violence D : physical assault Correct Answer : B 56 / 143: As far as workplace violence is concerned, which measure is required under occupational health and safety regulations? A : Employees who witness violence must take reasonable action to stop it. B : Individuals guilty of workplace violence must pay a fine. C : Any policies must be flexible and open to interpretation D : Risk management strategies must be established. Correct Answer : D 144: What is a common measure for reducing workplace violence? A : employment testing for all job candidates B : electronic entry key cards C : bullet-proof glass for all offices D : worker and supervisor training Correct Answer : D 145: What type of hazard would an electrician apprentice be exposed to when doing the electrical wiring for a high-rise building? A : physical agents B : biohazards C : chemical hazards D : liquid agents Correct Answer : A 57 / 146: Many provinces, as well as federally regulated workplaces, have implemented regulations dealing with workplace violence. What are these part of? A : occupational health and safety regulations B : security details C : human rights regulations D : labour regulations Correct Answer : A 147: Which term defines using communications technology to bully someone? A : mobile bullying B : online violence C : electronic harassment D : cyberbullying Correct Answer : D 148: Building supply companies have yard workers who are exposed to many hazards when lifting, hauling, and moving building supplies. Which type of hazard is lifting and hauling building materials? A : physical agent B : technological force C : biohazard D : ergonomic Correct Answer : A 60 / 155: WHMIS states that workers have a right to know about potential workplace hazards. What three elements are the federal Workplace Hazardous Material Information System (WHMIS) based on? A : class symbols, labels, and training B : labels, posters, and online information C : Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), WHMIS symbols, and subclass designations D : Safety Data Sheets (SDS), training, and labels Correct Answer : D 156: What does the federal Workplace Hazardous Material Information System (WHMIS) require from suppliers of hazardous substances? A : to train employers on how to label chemical products that will be transported B : to provide a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) on each hazardous product they produce C : to train employees on chemical products they produce D : to label by the federal government Correct Answer : B 157: What affect can the constant use of email have on employees? A : psychological strain B : poor sleep C : eye strain D : carpel tunnel 61 / Correct Answer : A 158: What are the new legislative requirements that owners must meet to ensure their work environment is free of violence? A : conducting a risk assessment B : developing policies and procedures to deal with security measures C : posting the legislation where employees can read it D : developing an emergency response plan Correct Answer : A 159: Which major health hazard category would stress be classified under? A : physical agent B : biohazard C : ergonomic D : psychosocial Correct Answer : D 160: Which major health hazard category would extension cords running across the floor be classified under? A : physical agents B : biohazard agents C : ergonomic agents D : electrical 62 / agents Correct Answer : A 65 / D : 85 percent Correct Answer : C 168: Individual health promotion is the first step toward what goal? A : improved psychological performance B : increased organizational commitment C : greater employee empowerment D : a more comprehensive approach to employee well-being Correct Answer : D 169: Health services, alternative health care, wellness, disability management, and employee and family assistance programs can help to address the underlying causes of what? A : absenteeism and stress B : employee morale C : employee engagement D : poor team dynamics Correct Answer : A 170: What is the most common reason that people experience stress? A : relationship issues B : personal finances C : home ownership D : employment concerns Correct Answer : B 66 / 171: What are the legal duties of suppliers under health and safety legislation? A : to ensure that workers follow the legal requirements of supply handing B : to conduct workplace inspections concerning supplies C : to ensure that any biological, chemical, or physical agent being supplied is labelled in accordance with legislation D : to investigate incidents concerning supplies Correct Answer : C 172: What is a common cause of workplace stress? A : excessive job pressures B : disagreements with customers C : poor engagement D : empowerment Correct Answer : A 173: Which of the following can reduce job-related stress? A : promote from within B : ensure that all stress is positive C : eliminate overtime D : make sure that employees take breaks, including their allocated vacation time Correct Answer : D 67 / 174: Which of the following is an organizational technique for managing stressors? A : flexible work hours B : employee stress surveys C : social events D : extended lunch hours Correct Answer : A 175: What is one tip for reducing job-related stress? A : Prepare for the future by keeping abreast of job demands. B : Build rewarding relationships with co-workers. C : Develop interests and take part in activities that are not related to work. D : Encourage colleagues to socialize outside of work. Correct Answer : C 176: Which segment would likely be included in an employer-sponsored stress-management program? A : time management B : safety awareness C : identifying difficult people D : critical incident counselling Correct Answer : A 177: Health services provided by employers are primarily related to which of the following factors? A : the degree of interest on the part of the employer 70 / A : coordinating employee physical rehabilitation B : creating a work environment in which employees want to return to work C : ensuring employees receive disability income D : avoiding workers’ compensation claims resulting from lost- time accidents Correct Answer : B 181: What is a workplace stressor? A : an event, process, or practice that causes an employee stress B : a workplace relationship that is not beneficial to either person C : emotional tension caused by a demanding environment D : consequence of an emotional tension Correct Answer : A 182: Which term refers to the physiological, mental, and/or emotional tension caused by a demanding environment? A : stress B : stressor C : stimulation D : consequence Correct Answer : A 183: What current work and organizational practices are causing employees the most 71 / stress? A : increased revenue targets B : high customer service standards C : increased outsourcing D : being connected 24/7 Correct Answer : D 184: If an employee is experiencing severe personal problems, who would be the individual most likely to refer the worker to the company- sponsored employee assistance program? A : the employee himself/herself B : his or her spouse or significant other C : a member of the clergy D : his or her supervisor Correct Answer : D 185: Who plays a key role in identifying potential substance abuse problems through regular employee monitoring of attendance, behaviour, and performance? A : supervisors B : co-workers C : senior management and owner D : workers’ compensation board Correct Answer : A 186: An owner of an oil and gas company discovered that several employees working in safety- sensitive work environments smoked cannabis between shifts and on coffee breaks. 72 / The supervisor stated that he was not aware of cannabis use by the employees. What were the 75 / B : critical incident stress workshops (CISs) C : employee assistance programs (EAPs) D : health and wellness programs 76 / Correct Answer : C 192: What programs could an organization offer to encourage healthier lifestyles among its employees? A : none – good heath is the employee’s responsibility, not the employer B : wellness programs that encourage health through elements such as exercise and nutrition C : WHMIS training D : programs beyond the legally required health and safety programs Correct Answer : B 193: What could an organization offer to encourage healthier lifestyles among its employees? A : proactive health and safety training B : health services ranging from first-aid kits to an on-site physician and nurse C : safety promotion programs D : safety awareness programs Correct Answer : B ESSAY 194: Briefly describe the duties of employers, supervisors, and workers under health and safety legislation. Correct Answer : The fundamental duty of every 77 / employer is to take every reasonable precaution to ensure employee safety. In addition to providing a hazard-free workplace and complying with the applicable statutes and regulations, employers must inform their employees about safety and health requirements. Employers are also required to keep certain records, compile an annual summary of work-related injuries and illnesses, and ensure that supervisors are familiar with the work and its associated hazards. Employers in all jurisdictions are required to report accidents that cause injuries and diseases to the workers’ compensation board. Accidents resulting in death or critical injuries must be reported immediately; the accident must then be investigated, and a written report submitted. Finally, employers must provide safety training and be prepared to discipline employees for failing to comply with safety rules. Supervisors are required to advise employees of potential workplace hazards; ensure that workers use or wear safety equipment, devices, or clothing; provide written instructions where applicable; and take every reasonable precaution to guarantee the safety of workers.Employees are required to comply with all applicable acts and regulations, report hazardous conditions or defective equipment, and follow all employer safety and health rules and regulations, including those prescribing the use of protective equipment. 80 / stress management programs that would help employees cope more effectively with the physiological and/or psychological consequences of stress. Correct Answer : Relaxation and meditation programs – Relaxation and meditation programs help employees adjust their physiological response to the stressor and stress perception. The objective in relaxation, breathing exercises, and visualization is to achieve a relaxation response in which heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and breathing rate decrease. Meditation is a variation of relaxation involving a specific sitting position and sometimes a special repetitive chant. Relaxation and meditation programs are effective in reducing blood pressure levels and muscle tension.Fitness and lifestyle programs – Corporate fitness programs include aerobics classes, team sports, swimming, weightlifting, and other activities found at private fitness centres. These programs help employees lower their respiration, muscle tension, heartbeat, and stomach acidity, thereby reducing the physiological consequences of stress. Lifestyle programs train employees and reinforce their behaviour in better nutrition and fitness, regular sleep, and other good health habits. A typical lifestyle program might help employees stop smoking and offer seminars about alcohol abuse. Fitness and lifestyle programs are known to 81 / reduce employee absenteeism, stress, anxiety, and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Employees also reduce their smoking habits and develop better health attitudes.Employee counselling – Many organizations have introduced employee assistance programs (EAPs) to help employees with stressful life experiences and to overcome ineffective coping mechanisms such as alcoholism. Broad-brush programs counsel employees on most work or personal problems. They often help employees overcome dysfunctional stress-coping strategies, such as alcoholism.Social support – Social support helps employees cope with the consequences of stress by building their self- esteem and perceived ability to cope with the stressor, and by feeling comfort by being with others in trying times.Other programs may include coping skills, listening skills, methods of dealing with difficult people, time management, and assertiveness. 198: What is organizational culture? Correct Answer : Organizational culture is the collective understanding of beliefs and values that guide how employees act and behave. Culture doesn’t just happen or appear overnight. It usually starts with the original business owner and then builds over time as new people come into the organization and interpret the beliefs and values 82 / of the original owner. Depending on how aligned newer actions are with established expectations, culture can change over time.