Chapter 5 Cognitive Development in Infancy, Study notes of Cognitive Development

Download Chapter 5 Cognitive Development in Infancy and more Study notes Cognitive Development in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter 5 Cognitive Development in Infancy How do scientists know what babies know?  Habituation  Loss of interest suggests the baby recognizes the stimuli.  Novelty responsiveness  Interest and more time spent looking at new stimuli  Evidence of learning/remembering from prior exposure  Showing a sequence of events and measuring whether baby imitates them Stage Theory  Sensorimotor  Causality  Object permanence  Mental representation  Challenges to Piaget  Underestimated sensory and organization capacities of infants  Object permanence and mental representation appear much earlier in development.  Infants more cognitively sophisticated than he believed.  The realization that objects still exist when hidden from sight  2 months – rudimentary expectations shown by surprise when an object disappears  6 – 8 months – looking for a missing object for a brief period of time  8 – 12 months – reaching for or searching for a toy that is completely hidden Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage Object Permanence  2 months – can imitate actions they could see themselves make  8 – 12 months – can imitate other people’s facial expressions  1 year – imitation of any action that wasn’t in the child’s repertoire begins  18 months – deferred imitation (a child’s imitation of some action at a later time) begins Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage Imitation Mental Representation in Infancy  Categorization – grouping separate items into a set according to some rule  Remembering – infants remember previously experienced events  Play  Exploratory play- Children’s play in which activities are tied to the tangible properties of objects  Symbolic play- Children’s play that enacts activities performed by the self, others, and objects in pretend or make-believe scenarios Infant “Intelligence”  How much do children at the same age vary in their ―intelligence‖?  Infant tests  Bayley Scales of Infant Development  Lack of predictive validity Video: Baby Geniuses Figure 5.3: Milestones in Language Development in Infancy Language comprehension Language production Understands prepositions (“in," “under”) , Imitates words a Can find a named picture in a book ("dog") I Follows a simple question 7 Understands a prohibition =a MER Responds to simple commands i Understands gestures and responds to “bye-bye” Oo Discriminates emotional tones in speech | Responds to human speech Uses first pronouns, speaks in phrases or sentences | Uses two words in combination I Says five or more words Ea = Says first word , Repeats syllables (“ma-ma,” “da-da”) a Vocalizes several syllables I Babbles EH Coos | aa mn SR 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 Approximate range of age of onset (months) Language Comprehension and Production  Comprehension (understanding language) comes before production (speaking language).  Comprehension of 50 words around 13 months  Production of 50 words around 18 months Figure 5.4: Individual Differences in Language Development 5.50 p 5.00 > 4.50 > 4.00 3.50 + Ee Adam 3.00 + Sarah 2.50 F Mean utterance length (in morphemes) 2.00 |- 1.50 0 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 Age (months) The Building Blocks of Language  Infant-directed speech  Varying inflection, speed, and word choice when talking with infants  Turn taking  Conversational give-and-take  Gesture  nonverbal support of communication Making and Understanding Sounds  Sound Perception  Sound Production  Prelinguistic stage  One-word stage  Multi-word stage Video: Infants & Toddlers: Language Development