Antitrust Laws and Sports: A Comprehensive Analysis, Quizzes of Sports Law

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TERM 1 Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 DEFINITION 1 Enacted to regulate business practices among competitors affecting interstate commerce TERM 2 Section 1 (Sherman) DEFINITION 2 Forbids contracts, combinations or conspiracies that may unreasonably restrain trade across state lines TERM 3 Section 2 (Sherman) DEFINITION 3 Prohibits monopolization of trade and commerce Prevents abuse of monopoly power by a single entity Clayton Act TERM 4 Enforcement (Sherman) DEFINITION 4 Civil and Criminal Private rights of action TERM 5 Norris-LaGuardia Act DEFINITION 5 Allows employees to organize as a collective bargaining unit to negotiate contract that governs all covered employees as a unit TERM 6 National Labor Relations Act DEFINITION 6 Wagner Act Guarantees workers right to join union without repercussions Encourages collective bargaining TERM 7 National Labor Relations Board DEFINITION 7 Enforces NLRA TERM 8 Collective Bargaining (NLRA) DEFINITION 8 Minimum salaries and salary caps fall under mandatory topics in sports context Guaranteed contracts, renegotiation options, and termination clauses permissible topics in the Big Four TERM 9 Non-statutory Labor Exemption (NLRA) DEFINITION 9 Antitrust laws are not applicable when unions and management take part in collective bargaining process of negotiating working labor contract TERM 10 Decertification (NLRA) DEFINITION 10 Nuclear option TERM 21 Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore vs. National League of Professional Baseball DEFINITION 21 1922 Antitrust laws that do not apply to professional baseball did not affect interstate commerce TERM 22 Toolson vs. New York Yankees DEFINITION 22 1953 Sherman Act was not meant to include baseball Acknowledged baseball's antitrust exemption was flawed but didn't overrule Federal Baseball TERM 23 Baseball: Flood vs. Kuhn DEFINITION 23 1972 Sued in order to become a free agent Reserve clause was an unreasonable restraint of trade under Sherman Act anomaly, but up to Congress to change antitrust exemption, not Supreme Court TERM 24 Seitz Decision (Baseball) DEFINITION 24 1975 Arbitrator ruled that reserve clause granted team only one additional year, not perpetual right TERM 25 Curt Flood Act of 1998 DEFINITION 25 Congress' attempt to legislatively override the antitrust ruling in Federal Baseball Gave MLB players right to sue under antitrust laws provided they first decertify as a union MLB is still only professional sport which holds an exemption from antitrust laws TERM 26 Football: Radovich vs. National Football League DEFINITION 26 1957 NFL is subject to antitrust laws TERM 27 American Football League vs. National Football League DEFINITION 27 1963 Insufficient evidence of NFL's intent to monopolize; natural monopoly - did not violate antitrust laws TERM 28 Rozelle Rule DEFINITION 28 New club had to compensate previous club with draft pick, current players or sum of money that was either agreed-upon or imposed by Commissioner before trade is effective TERM 29 Mackey vs. National Football League DEFINITION 29 1976 No bona fide arm's length bargaining and concluded that for the non-statutory labor exemption to apply, collective bargaining resulted from good faith arm's length bargaining must have occurred Mackey Test Rozelle Rule considered an unreasonable restraint or trade TERM 30 L.A. Memorial Coliseum Commission vs. NFL DEFINITION 30 1984 NFL franchise relocation rules violated section 1 of Sherman Act TERM 31 USFL vs. NFL DEFINITION 31 1988 NFL pressure of major television networks not to form an agreement with USFL was unlawful monopolization TERM 32 Powell vs. NFL DEFINITION 32 1989 Non-statutory labor exemption extends beyond impasse League did not violate antitrust laws when if continued to enforce terms of expired CBA TERM 33 McNeil vs. NFL DEFINITION 33 1992 Plan B Free Agency League compensation rules were more restrictive than reasonably necessary to achieve the objective of establishing or maintaining competitive balance in NFL established unrestricted free agency TERM 34 Brown vs. Pro-Football, Inc. DEFINITION 34 1996 Owners capping Developmental Players Squad salaries was unlawful TERM 35 Clarett vs. NFL DEFINITION 35 2004 Non-statutory exemption barred antitrust claim for NFL rule that player couldn't be drafted until 3 years after high school graduation TERM 46 NCAA DEFINITION 46 Student-athletes not employees, so no labor concerns Amateurism and Eligibility Rules TERM 47 Hennessy vs. NCAA DEFINITION 47 1977 Limit on number of football assistant coaches was not unreasonable restraint of trade after weighing pro and anticompetitive benefits of restriction TERM 48 Justice vs. NCAA DEFINITION 48 1983 NCAA's amateurism rules have a substantial effect on interstate commerce but reasonably related to the NCAA's goals of preserving amateurism and promoting fair competition TERM 49 Board of Regents vs. University of Oklahoma & UGA Athletic Associations DEFINITION 49 1984 Awarding TV rights of college football games to only two networks violated antitrust laws and was an unreasonable restraint of trade TERM 50 Gaines vs. NCAA DEFINITION 50 1990 NCAA's eligibility rules insulated from Sherman Act TERM 51 Banks vs. NCAA DEFINITION 51 1992 Supported NCAA's intent to create a clear line of demarcation between amateur and professional sports TERM 52 Law vs. NCAA DEFINITION 52 1998 Restricted Earnings Coaches salaries limited Pro competitive justification that it provides competitive balance did not outweigh costs TERM 53 Adidas vs. NCAA DEFINITION 53 1999 Limiting size of logos on uniforms did not have anticompetitive effect in a properly defined market TERM 54 NCAA vs. Smith DEFINITION 54 1999 Claims that transfer eligibility rules violated Sherman Act were dismissed Changed rules afterwards anyway TERM 55 Tanaka vs. USC (2001) DEFINITION 55 Transfer rules were not commercial and therefore not subject to Sherman Act scrutiny TERM 56 NIT DEFINITION 56 Teams selected for March Madness had to attend TERM 57 Walk-On Football Players DEFINITION 57 2006 Denied class certification for suit claiming NCAA rules limiting the number of scholarships could award violated antitrust law TERM 58 Warrior Sports vs. NCAA DEFINITION 58 2010 Lacrosse rule change affected all manufacturers equally so not an antitrust violation TERM 59 Cartel DEFINITION 59 Combination of producers of a product joined together to control production, sale or price TERM 60 White vs. NCAA DEFINITION 60 Settled case claiming antitrust violations for engaging in horizontal agreement to exclude scholarship from full cost of attendance