Chemistry Terms: Atoms, Ions, Molecules, Bonds, and Biological Compounds, Quizzes of Biology

Download Chemistry Terms: Atoms, Ions, Molecules, Bonds, and Biological Compounds and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Biochemistry DEFINITION 1 The study of the molecules that compose living organism (especially molecule unique to living things, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids) TERM 2 Elements DEFINITION 2 The simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties. (Hydrogen, oxygen, etc.) TERM 3 Atomic Number DEFINITION 3 The number of protons in an elements nucleus TERM 4 Trace elements DEFINITION 4 The other 12 elements in the bodies weight that together account for 0.7% but individually no more than 0.02% TERM 5 Minerals DEFINITION 5 Inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms. TERM 6 Atom DEFINITION 6 Makes up all things because it is the smallest particle we can cut down to. TERM 7 Nucleus DEFINITION 7 Center of an atom which contains protons (have a single positive charge) and neutrons (have a single negative charge TERM 8 Atomic mass DEFINITION 8 An elements weight (equal to the its total number of protons and neutrons) TERM 9 Electrons DEFINITION 9 Around the nucleus (tiny particles with a single negative charge and a very low mass) TERM 10 Valence electrons DEFINITION 10 Determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom (electrons on the outermost shell) TERM 21 Valance DEFINITION 21 Charge on its ion TERM 22 Electrolytes DEFINITION 22 Salts that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity TERM 23 Free radicals DEFINITION 23 Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons TERM 24 Antioxidant DEFINITION 24 A chemical that neutralizes free radicalsMolecules: Chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond TERM 25 Molecules DEFINITION 25 chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond TERM 26 Compounds DEFINITION 26 molecules composed of two or more different elements TERM 27 Molecular formula DEFINITION 27 shows elements and how many atoms of each are present TERM 28 Structural formula DEFINITION 28 location of each atom structural isomers revealed TERM 29 Compounds DEFINITION 29 Molecules composed of two or more different elements TERM 30 Molecular formula DEFINITION 30 identifies constituent elements and shows how many of each are present TERM 31 Isomers DEFINITION 31 Molecules with identical molecular formulae but different arrangements of their atoms TERM 32 Molecular weight DEFINITION 32 The sum of the atomic weights of its atoms The molecular weight of a compound is the sum of atomic weights of atoms Calculate: MW of glucose (C6H12O6) 6 C atoms x 12 amu each = 72 amu 12 H atoms x 1 amu each = 12 amu 6 O atoms x 16 amu each = 96 amu Molecular weight (MW) = 180 amu TERM 33 Chemical bonds DEFINITION 33 A force that attracts molecules together and holds them together TERM 34 Ionic bond DEFINITION 34 The attraction of a cation to an anion electron donated by one and received by the other Relatively weak attraction that is easily disrupted in water, as when salt dissolves TERM 35 Covalent Bonds DEFINITION 35 form by the sharing of electrons TERM 46 Cohesion DEFINITION 46 tendency of like molecules to cling to each other TERM 47 Solution DEFINITION 47 Particles of matter called the solute mixed with a more abundant substance called the solvent TERM 48 Solute DEFINITION 48 can be gas, solid, or liquid TERM 49 Colloids DEFINITION 49 Mixtures of protein and water TERM 50 Suspension DEFINITION 50 defined by the following physical properties TERM 51 Emulsion DEFINITION 51 A suspension of one liquid in another ( fat in breast milk) TERM 52 Acid DEFINITION 52 a d proton donor (a molecule that releases a proton in water) TERM 53 Base DEFINITION 53 Proton acceptor TERM 54 pH DEFINITION 54 expresses acidity TERM 55 Buffers DEFINITION 55 Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH TERM 56 Energy DEFINITION 56 The capacity to do work TERM 57 Work DEFINITION 57 Move something TERM 58 Free energy DEFINITION 58 The potential energy available in a system to do useful work TERM 59 Chemical reaction DEFINITION 59 A process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken TERM 60 Chemical equation DEFINITION 60 Reactions to the left and products on the right TERM 71 Anabolism DEFINITION 71 energy storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions requires energy input production of protein or fat driven by energy that catabolism releases Catabolism and Anabolism are inseparably linked TERM 72 Oxidation DEFINITION 72 any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy molecule oxidized in this process electron acceptor molecule is the oxidizing agent TERM 73 Reduction DEFINITION 73 any chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy molecule is reduced when it accepts electrons molecule that donates electrons is the reducing agent TERM 74 Functional groups DEFINITION 74 small clusters of atoms attached to carbon backbone TERM 75 dehydration synthesis DEFINITION 75 (condensation) is how living cells form polymers TERM 76 Hydrolysis DEFINITION 76 Splitting a polymer (lysis) by the addition of a water molecule (hydro) TERM 77 Monosaccharides DEFINITION 77 Simple sugars - Glucose - Fructose - Galactose TERM 78 Dissaccharides DEFINITION 78 Sugars composed of two monosachrides sucrose - table sugar glucose + fructose lactose - sugar in milk glucose + galactose maltose - grain products glucose + glucose TERM 79 Polysacchrides DEFINITION 79 long chains of glucose TERM 80 Glycogen DEFINITION 80 An energy-storage polysaccharide made of cells of the liver, muscles, brain, uterus, and vagina. TERM 81 Starch DEFINITION 81 The corresponding energy-storage polysaccharide of plants TERM 82 Cellulose DEFINITION 82 A structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants fiber in our diet TERM 83 Conjugated carbohydrate DEFINITION 83 covalently bound to lipid or protein TERM 84 Proteoglycans DEFINITION 84 Macromolecules in which the carbohydrate component is dominant and a peptide or protein forms a smaller component TERM 85 Lipid DEFINITION 85 A hydrophobic organic molecule, usually composed of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a high ration of hydrogen to oxygen TERM 96 Oligopeptides DEFINITION 96 Chains fewer than 10 to 15 amino acids TERM 97 Polypeptides DEFINITION 97 Chains larger than 15 amino acids TERM 98 Primary structure DEFINITION 98 proteins sequence amino acid which is encoded in the genes TERM 99 Secondary structure DEFINITION 99 coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds hydrogen bonds between slightly negative C=O and slightly positive N-H groups TERM 100 Tertiary structure DEFINITION 100 further bending and folding of proteins into globular and fibrous shapes TERM 101 Quaternary structure DEFINITION 101 associations of two or more separate polypeptide chains functional conformation three dimensional shape TERM 102 Conformation DEFINITION 102 unique three dimensional shape of protein crucial to function TERM 103 keratin DEFINITION 103 tough structural protein gives strength to hair, nails, and skin surface TERM 104 collagen DEFINITION 104 durable protein contained in deeper layers of skin, bones, cartilage, and teeth TERM 105 carrier proteins DEFINITION 105 transports solute particles to other side of membrane TERM 106 Enzymes DEFINITION 106 proteins that function as biological catalysts