Understanding Different Types of Tumors and Their Characteristics, Quizzes of Biology

Download Understanding Different Types of Tumors and Their Characteristics and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 normal cell division DEFINITION 1 when 1 cell divides into 2 cells. this division is precisely controlled: when, where, how quickly. TERM 2 abnormal cell division DEFINITION 2 the cell division is unregulated and leads to clumps (mass of cells) TERM 3 types of tumors DEFINITION 3 benign and malignant TERM 4 benign tumor DEFINITION 4 tumor that has no effect on surrounding tissue- non cancerousgrows relatively slow TERM 5 malignant tumor DEFINITION 5 tumor that invades surrounding tissue- cancerousgrows relatively fast TERM 6 how do cancer cells differ from normal cells? DEFINITION 6 they divide when they shouldn'tthey invade surrounding tissuesthey move to other locations in the body TERM 7 how do cancer cells travel through the body? DEFINITION 7 through the circulatory system and the lymphatic system TERM 8 circulatory system DEFINITION 8 blood distribution network TERM 9 the lymphatic system DEFINITION 9 lymph distribution network TERM 10 metastasis DEFINITION 10 the process of malignant cancer cells spreading around the body TERM 21 what fraction of women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime? DEFINITION 21 1 in 8 women TERM 22 what are the risk factors for breast cancer? DEFINITION 22 age and gender- over age 50, occurs more in womenfamily history/gene- BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes defectchildbirth- if the women has no children or has their first baby after 30hormone replacement therapy- estrogen TERM 23 mammogram DEFINITION 23 an x ray picture of the breast.they're need annually after the age of 40 TERM 24 what is the most prevalent form of all cancers in the US? DEFINITION 24 skin cancer TERM 25 what does exposure to sun do? DEFINITION 25 accelerates effects of aging and increases risk for developing skin cancerphotoaging TERM 26 what is the #1 cause of skin cancer? DEFINITION 26 UV light TERM 27 what are the 3 main types of skin cancer? DEFINITION 27 basal cell carcinoma (95% are curable)squamous cell carcinoma (95% are curable)melanoma TERM 28 melanoma DEFINITION 28 abnormal skin pigment cellsseverefirst sign is a change in the size, shape, or color of an existing mole TERM 29 how to tell whether you have a mole or skin cancer? DEFINITION 29 the ABCD ruleasymmetrybordercolordiameter TERM 30 how does the cell divide? DEFINITION 30 through mitosis or meiosis TERM 31 mitosis DEFINITION 31 asexual reproductiondo not mate (only one parent)daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell TERM 32 meiosis DEFINITION 32 sexual reproductiongametes are combined from two parentsoffspring are genetically different from oneanotherand from the parents TERM 33 gene DEFINITION 33 one section of the DNA that encodes a protein, each DNA contains many genes TERM 34 chromosome DEFINITION 34 a packaged DNA molecule with structural proteins TERM 35 what are the 3 steps of the cell cycle? DEFINITION 35 interphasemitosiscytokinesis TERM 46 g2 checkpoint DEFINITION 46 was dna replicated correctly?is the cell large enough? TERM 47 metaphase checkpoint DEFINITION 47 are all the chromosomesattachedto microtubules? TERM 48 mistakes in .... produce different versions of genes DEFINITION 48 copying dna TERM 49 mutation DEFINITION 49 a change in the sequence of genenormal genes are mutated to genes that can contribute to cancer TERM 50 proto-oncogenes DEFINITION 50 normal genes TERM 51 oncogenes DEFINITION 51 genes that can contribute to cancer TERM 52 multiple hit model DEFINITION 52 process of cancer development requires multiple mutations TERM 53 immortalized DEFINITION 53 cells no longer have a fixed number of cell divisions TERM 54 angiogenesis DEFINITION 54 tumor gets its own blood supply TERM 55 loss of contact inhabition DEFINITION 55 cells will now pile up on each othernormal cells stop dividing when they come in contact with other cellscancer cells continue to divide, piling on top of each other TERM 56 loss of anchorage dependance DEFINITION 56 enables a cancer cell to move to another locationnormal cells usually stay anchored to other cells (or to a surface)cancer cells lose their anchorage dependence and travel TERM 57 biopsy DEFINITION 57 surgical removal of cells or fluid for analysis TERM 58 needle biopsy DEFINITION 58 removal is made by a needle TERM 59 laparascope DEFINITION 59 surgical instrument with a light, camera, and small scalpel TERM 60 goal of cancer treatment DEFINITION 60 complete removal of the cancer without damage to the rest of the body TERM 71 interphase (g1, s, g2) DEFINITION 71 dna replication TERM 72 two stages of meiosis DEFINITION 72 meiosis I and meiosis II TERM 73 meiosis I DEFINITION 73 the pairs of chromosomes are seperatedthe two resulting cells are unpaired and each contains 1/2 chromosomesrandom alignment: different pairs of chromosomes randomly align and get seperated during meiosis I (metaphase I)prophase ->metaphase I -> anaphase I -> telophase I and cytokinesis TERM 74 what would happen if a pair of chromosomes did not seperate in meiosis? DEFINITION 74 meiotic nondisjunction results in trisomytrisomy 21- down syndrome TERM 75 chromosomal crossover DEFINITION 75 exchange of equivalent portions of chromosomes between a homologous pairoccur in prophase 1increase genetic variation in daughter cells TERM 76 meiosis II DEFINITION 76 the sister chromatids are seperatedfour sperm (M) or egg (F) cells are producedit is essentially like mitosisprophase II -> metaphase II -> anaphase II -> telophase II and cytokinesis TERM 77 what are the similiarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis? DEFINITION 77 mitosis is simpler and for replacing body cellsmeiosis has more steps and is only for sexual reproduction TERM 78 would cancer cells be passed on to offspring? DEFINITION 78 for cancer mutations to be passed on to offspring, they must take place in cells that give rise to sperm or eggs (gametes)mutations in somatic cells (eg skin cancer) are not heritable TERM 79 gametes DEFINITION 79 sperms and eggsproduced by meiosis TERM 80 how are zygotes formed? DEFINITION 80 sperm cells fertilize egg cells to form single celled zygotes TERM 81 how is the embryo and then the fetus formed? DEFINITION 81 repeated cell divisions (mitosis) TERM 82 what are chromosomes analogous to? DEFINITION 82 pages in the instruction manual for building a human TERM 83 what are genes analogous to? DEFINITION 83 wordsin a page of the instruction manual TERM 84 diversity in offspring is due to... DEFINITION 84 segregation of homologous pairs in meiosis (metaphase I)-it's randomly determined which member of a pair of chromosomes goes into a gamete-siblings inherit different sets of chromosomes from each parent (50%) identical on averages-no 2 humans are genetically identical except for monozygotic twins TERM 85 gregor mendel DEFINITION 85 founder of the science geneticsfirst to describe rules of inheritance for simple traits in pea plantsreveal the role of genes TERM 96 pedigree DEFINITION 96 a family tree showing theinheritanceof traits through several generations TERM 97 polygenetic trait DEFINITION 97 result of multiple genes-with continuous variation- quantitative trait: no "yes" or "no" TERM 98 heritability DEFINITION 98 proportion of the variation within a population due to genetic differences among individuals phenotypic cariation among individuals may be due to genetic and/or environmental factors, and/or random chance "H=30%": only 30% of the population variability is due to difference among individuals TERM 99 artificial selection (selective breeding) DEFINITION 99 humans select certain traits to be reproduced TERM 100 dihybrid cross DEFINITION 100 genetic crosses involving two traits simultaneously TERM 101 mendel's pea experiment DEFINITION 101 seed color and shape are controlled by genes on different chromosomes-seed color: yellow (dominant) green (recessive)-seed shape: smooth (dominant) wrinkle (recessive) TERM 102 incomplete dominance DEFINITION 102 one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele TERM 103 codominance DEFINITION 103 neither allele is dominant to the other; heterozygote shows both traits TERM 104 sex linked trait DEFINITION 104 result of genes located on the sex chromosomes TERM 105 x linked trait DEFINITION 105 located on the x chromosome-x linked recessive trait: baldness, red-green colorblindness-x linked dominant trait: less common, genetic disorder TERM 106 y linked trait DEFINITION 106 located on the y chromosome-very few (ex hairy ear) TERM 107 for an x linked recessive trait, if the mother is the carrier DEFINITION 107 -none of her daughters will be affected-50% of her sons will be affected TERM 108 which gender is more likely to express recessive x-linked traits? DEFINITION 108 males are more likely to TERM 109 for an x-linked dominant trait, if the mother is the carrier of a gene... DEFINITION 109 -50% of her daughters will be affected-50% of her sons will be affected TERM 110 for an x linked dominant trait, if the father is carrier of a gene... DEFINITION 110 -all of his daughters will be affected-none of his sons will be affected