Biology 190 Fall 2008 - First Exam Review Sheet, Exams of Ecology and Environment

Download Biology 190 Fall 2008 - First Exam Review Sheet and more Exams Ecology and Environment in PDF only on Docsity! Biology 190 – Fall 2008 Review Sheet - First Exam I. Characteristics of Biological Systems A. Order/Hierarchy - Emergent properties, reductionism, holism B. Response to Environment C. Energy Processing - Autotrophic, heterotrophic D. Regulation - Homeostasis, feedback regulation (negative, positive) E. Growth and Development - Determinate, indeterminate F. Reproduction - Asexual, sexual G. Evolutionary Adaptation II. Cellular Basis of Life - Unicellular, multicellular A. Cell Types - Prokaryotic, eukaryotic, characteristics of both types III. Transmission of Heritable Information - DNA, nucleotides, genes, genome IV. Diversity of Life - Classification, taxonomy, binomial nomenclature, major taxa V. Evolution - Basics of evolutionary theory, including descent with modification and natural selection - Implications of evolutionary theory VI. Scientific Method - Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Results/Interpretation, Scientific theory - Induction, deduction - Experimental design (in situ, ex situ, treatment, control) VII. Biological Molecules - Polymers, monomers A. Carbohydrates – Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides B. Lipids – Fats, phospholipids, steroids C. Proteins – Functions D. Nucleic Acids – DNA, RNA Biology 190 – Fall 2008 Review Sheet - First Exam VIII. Origins of Life on Earth - Basic time line A. Characteristics of Early Earth - Storms, volcanism, UV radiation, meteors, atmospheric composition B. Requirements - No free O2, energy source, chemical building blocks, time C. Stages for Origin of First Cells – Abiotic synthesis, assembly, packaging, self-replication D. Pre-Biotic Chemistry 1. People – Oparin, Haldane, Urey, Miller 2. Abiotic synthesis, hydrothermal vents, clay, protobionts, panspermia E. Characteristics of Early Life – Self-replication (RNA vs. DNA), nutrition, aerobes, eukaryotes, serial endosymbiosis IX. Geological Record - Strata, stromatolites A. Dating – Index fossils, radiometric dating B. Geological time scale – Major eras/periods and events, mass extinctions, continental drift X. History of Evolutionary Thought A. Before Darwin – Aristotle (scala naturae), Linnaeus (taxonomy), Hutton (gradualism), Lamarck (adaptation), Malthus (population dynamics), Cuvier (paleontology, extinction, catastrophism), Lyell (uniformitarianism) B. Darwin - Theory of Evolution 1. Observations leading to formulation of evolutionary theory a. Similarities & differences among species in Galápagos Islands and South America b. Principles of Geology by Lyell (gradualism) c. Artificial selection d. Writings of Malthus on population growth 2. Major components of evolutionary theory (descent with modification, natural selection) 3. Major observations (overproduction, stability, limited resources, within-species variation, heritability) 4. Major inferences (competition, differential fitness, gradual change) XI. Evidence Supporting Evolutionary Theory A. Natural selection – Experimental evidence B. Anatomical homologies – Homoplastic features, vestigial structures, convergent evolution C. Embryological homologies D. Molecular homologies – Conserved traits E. Biogeography F. Fossil record – Biases XII. Chromosomes - Composition, number in genome, chromatin, genes XIII. Cell Cycle - Generation time A. M Phase – Mitosis (karyokinesis), cytokinesis B. Interphase – G1, S phase, G2