CHEAT SHEET - Campbell Biology IN FOCUS Chapter 1 - Introduction: Evolution and the Founda, Exams of Biology

Download CHEAT SHEET - Campbell Biology IN FOCUS Chapter 1 - Introduction: Evolution and the Founda and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! CHEAT SHEET - Campbell Biology IN FOCUS Chapter 1 - Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology Latest Updated Study Guide 2023 CHEAT SHEET - Campbell Biology IN FOCUS Chapter 1 - Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology Latest Updated Study Guide 2023 CHEAT SHEET - Campbell Biology IN FOCUS Chapter 1 - Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology All living things: 1. are highly organized (composed of at least one living cell) 2. use and transmit DNA information (so they can grow and reproduce) 3. transfer and transform energy and matter 4. interact with other organisms and the environment (can respond to environment and regulate steady internal environment (called homeostasis) 5. can evolve (adapt to environment) Viruses are NOT alive because they are not composed of living cells (they do have genetic material but cannot reproduce by themselves) Emergent properties are new properties that arise simply because of how the parts are put together: New properties emerge at each higher level of biological organization: 1. atoms (smallest unit of an element; e.g. a carbon atom) 2. molecules (atoms bound by covalent chemical bonds; e.g. a protein) 3. organelles (sub-compartment of a cell with specialized functionn or ”little organ” of the cell; e.g. a mitochondrion) 4. cells (smallest unit of life; e.g. a heart muscle cell) 5. tissues (group of related cells that work together; e.g. cardiac muscle tissue that pumps blood) 6. organs (recognizable body structure made up of several tissues; e.g. a heart) 7. organism (a living thing; e.g. a zebra) 8. population (all the members of one species that live together in a given area; e.g. a herd of zebras) 9. community (all the different species that live in the same area; e.g. a herd of zebras and the trees) 10. ecosystem (all the living and non-living components of an area; e.g. the zebrasn the treesn the rocksn the watern etc.) CHEAT SHEET - Campbell Biology IN FOCUS Chapter 1 - Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology Latest Updated Study Guide 2023 testing Related hypotheses that have been tested repeatedly and have always been supported (never rejected!) become a widely acceptedn even more general scientific theory There are two types of reasoning: 1. Inductive reasoning is what happens when you go from specific observations to formulate a general hypothesis 2. Deductive reasoning is what happens when you go from a general hypothesis to formulate a specific testable prediction The process of science involves: 1. inquiry (forming and testing hypothesis) 2. community (peer) review and feedback 3. exploration and discovery (observingn reading and asking questions) 4. societal benefits and outcomes (developing technologyn solutionsn policy and knowledge base) CHEAT SHEET - Campbell Biology IN FOCUS Chapter 1 - Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology Latest Updated Study Guide 2023 An experimental variable is a feature or quantity that varies in an experiment; there are two types: 1. The independent variable is deliberately changed by the researcher to see what will happen to the dependent variable 2. The dependent variable is what is measured by the researcher as a result of changing the independent variable (so the independent variable is changed firstn and the dependent variable is measured later) In a controlled experimentn experimental group results are compared to control group results in order to: • cancel out the effect of additionaln unwanted variables on the dependent variable • ensure that the independent variable is the only variable that is being tested :