cheatsheet mid-exam, summarization about calculated field, Cheat Sheet of Mathematics

Download cheatsheet mid-exam, summarization about calculated field and more Cheat Sheet Mathematics in PDF only on Docsity! Let's say for one second, that a mad scientist has created a time machine and is forcing you to pick a random period to travel to during the mesozoic. A lot of your options would definitely lead to an unfortunate ending, but whatever you do, you really, really should not pick 150,000,000 million years ago, as this was an age where instant death was around nearly every corner. Dinosaurs, per usual for the mesozoic, ruled on land at the time, but even for dinosaur standards, the ones that existed back then were especially terrifying, with certain paleontologists considering this time period to be a golden age for super sized sauropods and meat loving theropods. Unfortunately, even if you could snap your fingers and make the dinosaurs go away, 150,000,000 million years ago would still be a lot of nope, with the land, oceans, and skies harboring a lot of secrets that were, let’s just say, unfriendly to life - welcome to the late jurassic. During this time, not even a map would do you much good as earth’s landmasses were fairly unrecognizable compared to current versions, with north america arguably being the most like its current self, having at least maintained a similar shape. Familiarity ends here though, as to the south lay a giant mass of merged continents that together formed what some consider to have been the last supercontinent, Gondwana. This ancient landmass was composed of south america, the arabian peninsula, india, antarctica, and australia, creating the largest continent of the late jurassic, which covered almost 1/6 of the earth’s entire surface and from space would’ve looked like a mega blob of land. Surprisingly, not even Gondwana was the most foreign looking continent at the time, with that title going to Lauraisa, a giant continent within its own right that was made up of present day Europe, Greenland, and parts of asia. It, unlike the rest of earth, was absolutely covered by expansive shallow waters that split and isolated much of the land, resulting in the countries we know of today being smaller and composed of numerous islands. Europe in particular was an island paradise that bore nearly no resemblance to the present. Its location was quite different too, being closer to North America than it is today. Meanwhile China was right next to Iran and Turkey, yet extremely far from India, ironic considering the present day border disputes the two have. Evidently, the geography was rather confusing to say the least. Thankfully, however, late Jurassic oceanography wasn’t, since only two major bodies of water existed, the pacific and tethys ocean. The tethys was an already ancient ocean at the time, having existed for over 100 million years. It covered the eastern hemisphere and had recently experienced significant tectonic activity which had raised it up resulting in the higher sea levels that submerged large parts of laurasia Despite it getting this tectonic boost, it was still smaller than the younger, yet still 50 million year old, pacific ocean which now dominated the entire western hemisphere and would continue to expand as time passed. The Late Jurassic also saw the emergence of yet another body of water we all know of, the Atlantic ocean. Although at the time it resembled a sea more than anything else, being nearly entirely surrounded by land. The atlantic’s temperatures were also unlike they are today, being remarkably warmer and this was actually a trend seen worldwide, with seawater averaging 32.1 celsius or 90 Fahrenheit, making it 25% hotter than the current average. Even in the deepest parts of the pacific, temperatures were still considerably warm, hovering around 17 °C or (63 °F), akin to tap water.