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Biomolecules
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Biomolecules Endgame What you already know ● Amino acids ● Classification of amino acids ● Physical properties of amino acids ● Optical activity of alpha amino acids ● Structure and classification of proteins Secondary Structure of Protein These structures arise due to the regular folding of the backbone of the polypeptide chain. Due to presence of H-bonding 𝝰-Helix 𝝱-Pleated sheet Secondary structure exist in two different structural form 𝝰-Helix structure Polypeptide chain folded in the form of 𝝰-helix Secondary Structure of Protein 𝝱-Pleated sheet structure Peptide chain stretched to maximum Segments of polypeptide chain line up next to each other Intermolecular H-bonding exist The structure resembles the pleated fold of drapery Secondary Structure of Protein Solution Classification on the basis of shape can be placed in which level? (a) Primary (b) Secondary (c) Tertiary (d) None of these Classification based on the shape can be placed in tertiary proteins. Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. Quaternary Structure of Protein This spatial arrangement is known as 4o structure of protein. Some proteins are composed of 2 or more peptide chain (≥ 2) In a Nut shell Sequence1° Shape2° Overall folding3° Spatial arrangement4°
Denaturation of Protein
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During denaturation only 2o & 3o structures are destroyed 1o structure remain intact Points to Remember
Enzymes
( Enzymes )
Introduction
Naming of Enzyme Enzymes generally named after the compound or class of compounds upon which they work. C12H22O11 Maltase Maltose 2 C6H12O6 Glucose Maltose - ose + ase The enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose Example + H2O Naming of Enzyme Sometimes, enzymes are also named after the reaction, where they are used. Oxidoreductase Substrate A Substrate B+ Substrate A’ Substrate B’+ Oxidation Reduction Example Oxidoreductase: The enzymes which catalyse the oxidation of one substrate with simultaneous reduction of another substrate, are known as oxidoreductase enzymes. Vitamins Vital Vitamine Amine Coined word Since earlier identified compounds had amino groups Vitamine Most of them did not contain amino group e Later work found Vitamin=- Classification of Vitamins Fat soluble vitamins Depending upon the solubility, vitamins can be classified as Water soluble vitamins Fat Soluble Vitamins Vitamins soluble in fat and oils Insoluble in water But Stored in liver and adipose tissue Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Examples Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamins soluble in water. Vitamin C Vitamin B (Group vitamins) Examples Introduction to Nucleic Acids The thread like structures located inside the nucleus of a cell are called chromosomes. Heredity Chromosomes Protein Nucleic acid made of + Nucleic acid Long chain polymer of nucleotide Also called as polynucleotide Introduction Nucleic acid Composition Structure Function Nucleic Acid DNA RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid Composition of DNA & RNA DNA RNA Composition B S P B S P Base Sugar Phosphate Base Sugar Phosphate Sugar in DNA Sugar in DNA β-D-2-deoxyribose 1 23 4 5 Sugars in RNA β-D-ribose Sugar in RNA 1 23 4 5 Phosphate in DNA & RNA
Phosphate
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Structure of RNA
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Ribonucleotide
Structure of RNA Phosphate Ribose sugar Base 5’ 1’ 2’3’ 4’ Phosphoester bond Glycosidic linkage Phosphodiester linkage 5′ end of chain 3′ end of chain 5′ 3′ 5′ 3′ Structure of Nucleic Acids sugar sugar Formation of a dinucleotide Nucleotides are joined together by phosphodiester linkage between 5′ and 3′ carbon atoms of the pentose sugar. 1′ 2′ 4′ 1′ 2′ 4′ DNA Fingerprinting Question: Can fingerprints be altered? Answer: Yes But DNA for every cell cannot be altered by a known treatment. By surgery Uses of DNA Fingerprinting For identification of criminals in crime investigation. 1 To determine paternity. To identify dead bodies in accident by comparing the DNA of parents or children. 3 2 Biological Function of RNA Protein synthesis Hormones Hormones Introduction Chemical nature Functions Hormones Intercellular messenger Produced by endocrine glands Introduction to Hormones Pour chemicals directly to blood stream Chemical Nature of Hormones On the basis of chemical nature, hormones can be Steroid Polypeptide Amino acid derivatives Example Estrogen Androgen Example Insulin Endorphins Example Epinephrine Norepinephrine
