Chemistry Equations Cheat Sheet , Cheat Sheet of Chemistry

Download Chemistry Equations Cheat Sheet and more Cheat Sheet Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! Chemistry Equations Cheat Sheet Quanta Description Pomible umber values Principal quantum | eaoray Ievel whee umber (3) wal dupe | TO dy L quantum nurnbe o [ Magnets quantum [abil | m=tent | ‘umber (mo) orientation (Ps, pp) Spa quanta dexcribaspm of | m= Soar= ‘umber (mm. electron 5 Each electron has a unique set of quantum pumbers, LECTRONIC CONFIC ATION Electron configuration: describes the location of al of the electrons n-an element. e g. Carbon = s'2s"2p" {n.an stom can have the same set of four quantum numbers (a, Lm, m,) which means thateach orbital with quantum numbers (a, 8) ean bold al moat to electrons with ‘opposite spins. ‘Mund’s rote: when electrons added to orbitals of equal energy, a single electron fenters-cach orbital before a second electron With opposite spin enters any orbital. The spins remain parallel if possible. e.g Nitrogen N- ot} nh t+ t Aufbau Principle: dictates the oder in ‘which osbitls fill, Some exe the wansition elements Unars oF Pressune ‘atm = 760 mmHg = 760 tor = 101.825 kPa = 1.01325 bar Iogat oAs posruLares 1, mivenos re very scl compared oie dance th sive re contemensly moving 2. penne fit cls ot socecues with contin wall 4: mlecakndo me experience ntermeloular fen 5 KET Meat gastaw: PV = nT Combined gas law: PY, PU me Pe const Bote’ law None Line B 7 STP standard temperature (O°C or 278.15 K) and press (1 a) 1 mo! of ideal gus oocupies F= 22.41. arf condoms - 29°C ana | at Dalton’s law of partial pressure (mixture of the gaxes) P= py tPy tet Py Pee Za-P KE, =KEg aT, = Ty ve KE © Tbe Vv, #VyaT, 4 What nas ote ons “sty” gh TB low P Blower mmaleculr weigh ox ama size cf gaa melee ‘Real gases: + have ntrmolecuar atrctons (nr late colisonscaled Vander Waal ces + eanain motcuas at have volume (or rmassuabie za) | oc —nb)= nar Diseersion Forces: Describe the attraction between the negatively charged electron cloud of one molecule and the positively charged nuctei of neighbouring molecules Dirotaa Foaces: Describe the attraction between the negatively charged end of a polar molecule and the positively charged ends of neighbouring polar molecules Hypocen Bouowc: Involves lone pairs of electrons on an electronegative atom of one molecule and a polar ‘band to hydrogen in another molecule, they are confined to molecules that contain , N, and F MovecuLar Souo: Molecules in molecular solids are held in place by the types of forces: dispersion forces, dipolar interactions, andlor hydrogen bands METALLIC SUD: ‘Atoms in'metafic solids are held in place by delacalised bonding Network Soun: Contains an array of covalent bonds linking every ‘aiom to its neighbours, lowe Soun: ‘Contains cations and anions, attracted to one ‘another by coulombic interactions SOT rrolaity (M) tality Co mule faction ‘males of solute/ky of solvent oles ofsoluteTotal males ‘masa of solute x TOW etal man masa percent of solution pars per callow "nas of solute © TO total mass Sopen) of volution Raouit’s Law (distillation) Pye XPi Where P, ~ partial pressure of A ia solution Xi; = mole fraction of A in the Liquid F, = vapour pressare of pure A, Colligative properties (metting/boiling points etc) Freezing pout depression: salt on the sidewalk in veinter lowers the freezing point of HO to prevent the wate from ireezing AT)= kant oiling point elevation: salt im pasta Water increnses the boiling point of H,0'50 that the water boils ster (asd your pasta cooks more ganckly) AT, = komt ‘Ovmotic pressure: anerense in pressure dus toa solvent rosnng & membrane inlea more consentmes solution TVenRT  ID-BASE EQUILI ARRHENIUS AciD: ‘Anything that praduces hydrogen ions in equeous ssoltstion Arrhenius Base: Anything that praduces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution BRaNSTED-Lowey Acio: ‘A species that donates a pratan is an acid BRONSTED-Lowity BASE: ‘A species that accepts a proton is a base Amphiprotic Species: a chemical species that can both donate and accept protons Lewis Acid: Anything that accepts a pair of electrons Lewis Base: Anything that donates a pair of electrons Warer Eouinmum Consraar (i ‘00%10°"* (at 208 K) Act Acdde that donate protons to water molecules quantitatively Strong Base: ‘substance that generates hydroxide ions quantitatively in aqueus salution. PH Scat Bh = tO] POH = eg OH ap Jog K,pH + pOH = 14.00K,K, mes 1490 Wear Aco: Acig hat reaches equiliium when only a small fraction of its molecules transfer protons to water Wear BASE: Generates hydroxide ians by accepting protons from water but reaches equilibrium when only a fraction ofits molecules have dane 80 APPLICATIONS OF AQUEOUS EQUILIBRIA: ‘BUFFER SOLUTION: Cantina both a weak sed and its conjugate base ‘85 major species in solution, pit= px, ~mn( fhe) “Burren CaPacny: The amount of added HO" or OH’ the butler ‘solution can tolerate wrthout exceeding a speciiad pH range, follow on their way to becoming products Rare-Derenunana Se The slowest olemenitary stop in a mechaniam Finst-ORDER RATE LAW: Rate = KA where A is a reactant in the overall raaction, this can be converted to (Ak) in (AL). ( (A) Have-Lire (ria), 1 OnoeR: When haif the original concentration has been consumed, In2 W=O5IAb, 7... = 22 ‘SecONO-OnoeR RATE EXPRESSION! Rate =K(AP, this can ba converted 1 1 [A] [AL [Busou CULAR ELEMENTARY REACTION: A+B — products Elementary rate LUNIMOLECULAR ELEMENTARY REACTION: C+ products Elementary rate = k{C] Fins STEPIs RATE-DETERMINING: “The predicted rata law for the overall reaction is the ate expression for that first stop ‘ActivaTion Enerey (E,) Energy barer, the minimum energy that must be supplied before the reaction can occur Activated Complex: the molecular arrangement at the point of highest energy along the energy level ‘fiagram a “PE BE, Kes applied only at equilbrum. Ke is independent of inital conditions, Ka: is related tothe stoichiometry ‘Pure Liaw ano Sou: ‘The concentrations of pure liquids or sols are always equal to their standard concentzatons, therelore divsion by standard concendration results in value of LARGE Keo: Indicates that the reaction goes vinuadly to somplstion Le CHiTEUEH's Proce: ‘When a change is imposed on a system at ‘equilibrium, the system will react in the direction that reduces the amount af change TEMPERATURE: ‘The any variable that causes a change in the value of Kay an increase in temperature always shifts the ‘equilbaum postion in the endothermic direction. THERMODYNAMICS ‘Cosen Svsrew Encheag energy but not mater wth te urrounaings Isovareo Syarem: Exchanges neither matter ner anergy with the surroundings ‘Stave Vamiances: ‘Conditions that must be speciled to establish the 8 of a nystom, pressure (P}, volume (V). temperature (7), and armounts of substances (7) Pwrsical CHANGE OF STATE: ‘Some of the state variables changes, but the ‘chemical composition of the system stays the same ‘CreMical CHANGE OF StATE: ‘The amounts of reactants and products change (Chemical Reaction: some bonds break, and new bonds form ‘STATE FUNCTION: {A propanty that dopands only on the state ofthe systom Pato Funerion: | property that depends on how a change takes piace Molar Heat Capacity: ‘The amount of eat needed to raise the temperature _of 1 mol of substance by 1 ‘Kelvin (1K) Wor (= Energy used to move an abject against an opposing force, w= Fd Fins? La oF Tuenwooruaiacs: A = Gs * We Exothermic Process Ifthe chemicals relaasa heat, this haat gain raises the temperature of he soundings Enoornennc Ifthe chemicsls absorb hest, this heat loss lowers the temperature of the surroundings Gants = CassT q= CAT ENTHALPY: ‘A thermodynamic quantity whose change equals the beat flow at constant pressure, AH= AE + SPV) ‘STANDARD ENTHALPY OF FORMATION Ay): Enthalpy change accompanying the formation of ‘one mole of 2 chemical substance from pure ‘elements in their most stable forms under standard conditons Hess" Law: ‘The enthalpy change for any overall process is ‘equal to the sum of enthalpy changes for any set of ‘steps that leads from the reactants ta the products Macak Heat oF SouuTion Measures net energy flow that occurs as substance dissolves MOLAR HEAT OF VAPORLZATION: The heat needed to vaporize one mole of a ‘substance at its normal bailing point Movant Heat oF Fusion Heat needed to meit one mole of a substance at its ‘normal meting point Susimarion: ‘Aphase in which a solid converts directly to 42 Vapour without passing through the liquid phase. AE ap = Atay ~ ‘SECOND LAW OF THERMOOTNAMICS; ‘Any spontaneous process increases the disorder of the universe Entaory: The state function that provides a quantitative measure of disorder and is symbolized S, Mropy Change: ‘otal entrony change, MS.roarm = ASepnan © ASvarounaege REACTION EnTROmE:! AS... =D coeff AS’ - Y coeff AS