Chemistry Exam 4 Study Guide Latest Exam 2023, Exams of Chemistry

Download Chemistry Exam 4 Study Guide Latest Exam 2023 and more Exams Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! Chemistry Exam 4 Study Guide Latest Exam 2023 concentration - ✓✓✓defined as the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solution mass/volume percent [% (m/V)] - ✓✓✓the concentration of a solution expressed as a ratio of grams of solute to millimeters of solution multiplied by 100% mass/mass percent [% (m/m)] - ✓✓✓the concentration of a solution expressed as a ratio of mass of solute to mass of solution multiplied by 100% Molarity - ✓✓✓defined as the number of mol of solute per L of solution colligative properties - ✓✓✓solution properties that depend on the concentration of the solute particles, rather than the identity of the solute what are the colligative properties - ✓✓✓1. vapor pressure lowering 2. freezing point depression 3. boiling point elevation 4. osmotic pressure Raoult's Law - ✓✓✓states that, when a nonvolatile solute is added to a solvent, the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases in proportion to the concentration of the solute. Molality - ✓✓✓defined as the number of mol of solute per kilogram of solvent in a solution Diffusion - ✓✓✓the net movement of solute or solvent molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Concentration Gradient - ✓✓✓this region where the concentration decreases over a distance Selectively Permeable Membranes - ✓✓✓a membrane that restricts diffusion of some ions and molecules (based on size and charge) across the membrane Semipermeable Membranes - ✓✓✓a membrane permeable to the solvent but not the solute; a material that allows the transport of certain substances from one side of the membrane to the other Osmosis - ✓✓✓the diffusion of a solvent (water in biological systems) through a semi- permeable membrane in response to a (water) concentration gradient Osmotic Pressure - ✓✓✓the pressure that must be exerted to stop the flow of water across a selectively permeable membrane by osmosis Osmolarity - ✓✓✓the molarity of particles in solution, is used for osmotic pressure calculations Isotonic Solutions - ✓✓✓a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution with which it is being compared; a solution that has the same osmotic pressure as a solution existing within a cell Hypotonic Solutions - ✓✓✓the more dilute solution of two separated by a semipermeable membrane Hypertonic Solutions - ✓✓✓the more concentrated solution of two separated by a semipermeable membrane Equivalent - ✓✓✓the number of moles of an ion corresponding to Avogadro's number of electrical charges Thermodynamics - ✓✓✓the study of energy, work, and heat Three Basic Laws of Thermodynamics - ✓✓✓1. energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another 2. the universe spontaneously tends toward increasing disorder or randomness 3. the disorder of a pure, perfect crystal at absolute zero (0 Kelvin) is zero system - ✓✓✓contains the process under study surroundings - ✓✓✓encompasses the rest of the universe heat - ✓✓✓the transfer of thermal energy to the surroundings endothermic reaction - ✓✓✓absorbs energy from the surroundings. the surroundings become colder exothermic reaction - ✓✓✓releases energy to the surroundings. the surroundings become warmer Enthalpy - ✓✓✓the term is used to represent heat and is symbolized as H. The change in enthalpy is the energy difference between the products and reactants of a chemical reaction and is symbolized as delta H. Entropy - ✓✓✓a measure of the randomness of a chemical system. Free Energy - ✓✓✓symbolized as delta G, represents the combined contribution of the enthalpy and entropy values for a chemical reaction.