CHEMISTRY REVIEW: THE PERIODIC TABLE, Slides of Chemistry

Download CHEMISTRY REVIEW: THE PERIODIC TABLE and more Slides Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! CHEMISTRY REVIEW: THE PERIODIC TABLE Chemistry 20: Section 1.3 Chemistry 20: The Periodic Table Section 1.3 (Read pg. 14 - 17) Make a Periodic Table Worksheet Periodic Table Classification Game Chemistry Review: Periodic Table Trends Jons
Berzelius
(1779‐1848)   Swedish
chemist
   Used
leVers
as
symbols
for
the
elements;
this
is
 the
same
system
we
use
today
   One
capital
leVer

or


a
capital
leVer
followed
by
 
 
 
 
 
a
small
leVer

 
 
C,
N,
O,
 
 
 
Ca,
Cl,
Br
   Though
names
are
different
in
different
languages,
 the
symbols
are
the
same
throughout
the
world
 The
ScientiIic
Standard:
IUPAC
   IUPAC

‐
Interna9onal
Union
of
Pure
and
Applied
Chemistry
   The
governing
body
for
scien$fic
communica$on
which
 specifies
rules
for
chemical
names
and
symbols
   IUPAC
has
also
defined
a
set
of
standard
condi+ons
to
ensure
 consistency
when
presen$ng
scien$fic
data
  Unless
other
condi$ons
are
specified,
materials
are
assumed
to
 be
at
SATP
   SATP:
Standard
Ambient
Temperature
and
Pressure
  Means
that
materials
are
at
25°C
and
an
air
pressure
of
100
kPa
   Instruments
were
becoming
more
accurate
and
scien$sts
started
 gathering
measurements
of
mass,
volume
and
pressure
which
 increased
their
empirical
knowledge
   By
reac$ng
various
elements
with
hydrogen,
quan$ta$ve
 rela$onships
were
found
and
the
rela$ve
atomic
mass
of
each
 element
could
be
determined
   Ex.
C
atoms
have
a
mass
=
12
x
that
of
H
atoms
  H
was
the
lightest,
thus
it
was
given
the
Atomic
Mass
Unit
 (AMU)
of
1;
C
has
an
AMU
of
12
  AMU
=
mass
of
a
proton
or
a
neutron;
can
use
this
to
 determine
how
many
neutrons
are
in
isotopes
   Carbon‐14
(has
6
p+
=
6
amu)
has
a
mass
of
14
amu

   14
amu
–
6
amu
=
8
amu
=
8
no

 The
Periodic
Table
in
the
1800’s
 The
Modern
Periodic
Table... 

   Henry
Mosley
(1887‐1915)
   Bri$sh
Physicist
who
determined
the
atomic
 number
of
elements
in
1913
   Arranged
elements
in
a
table
in
atomic
number
 order
corresponding
to
the
periodic
trend.

From
 there,
the
periodic
table
has
developed
into
what
 it
is
today
   But
there
are
other
varia$ons....
 'S periodic table Theodor Benfey  The Periodic Table z 2 Dp of Dessert Designed by Andrew Plotkin Ai 36 Air Flour 0 Gl Ti Nutmeg chgh wan be BS TT Clove Poppy, Tahini Tapioca Ca Cn Dt Pr R Fg Mm Rh Pu Mv Cardamom Date Prune | Raisin | |Fig Mincemeat |Rhubar> | Pumpkin | mallow G Fe Dr J Ge aa Coloring __Balls Sprinkles | Icing Li Or A Ba At Rb Bb Ce Sb Lemon me Orange Apple Banana Apricot Raspberry Blueberry = Cherry Strawberry Ma To Br Wh Bn Rm Gm Cm Fr Co Marsala _||Tokay | |Brandy | |whiskey | {Bourbon ||Rum | |Kantrier | |Atorshe® | |Frangetico | | etme ’* Structures bias a I oO 1 7 C) oO ° ° oO ° Custard 4 3 ayes i b a (oD Modern
Periodic
Table
Details
   Each
element
is
iden$fied
by
its
symbol,
the
atomic
number,
 atomic
mass
and
the
element’s
physical
state
at
SATP
 (addi$onal
informa$on
will
vary
so
a
legend
is
provided)
   Period
–
a
horizontal
row
of
the
periodic
table,
there
are
 seven
periods
   Proper$es
gradually
change
from
metallic
to
non‐metallic
from
leg
to
 right
along
the
row
   Staircase
Line
–
metals
are
to
the
leg
of
the
staircase
line;
non‐ metals
are
to
the
right
 Metals
vs.
Non‐metals
   Metals
–
grouped
on
the
leg
side
of
the
periodic
table
(most
 of
the
elements
are
metals)
   Physical
Proper$es:
   Shiny
solids
at
SATP
   High
conduc$vity
of
heat
and
electricity
   Duc$le
(can
be
formed
into
wires)
  Malleable
(bendable
and
can
be
beaten
into
thin
sheets)
   Non‐metals
–
grouped
on
the
right
side
of
the
periodic
table
   Physical
Proper$es:
  May
be
solid,
liquid
or
gas
at
SATP
   Poor
conductors
of
heat
and
electricity
   Solid
forms
are
non‐lustrous
and
briVle
 Modern
Periodic
Table
Details
   Group/Family
–
the
ver$cal
columns
of
the
periodic
table
   Tradi$onally
each
group
is
iden$fied
by
a
Roman
numeral
followed
by
a
 Le2er
“A”
or
“B”
   IUPAC
imposed
an
interna$onal
numbering
system
in
1984
so
groups
are
now
 numbered
from
1
to
18.
   Note:

The
numeral/leVer
system
is
s$ll
used
so
you
need
to
be
familiar
with
it
   Groups
1,2
and
13‐18
(IA
–
VIIA)
make
up
the
representa9ve
elements
(the
 elements
that
best
follow
periodic
law)
   The
group
number
is
equal
to
the
number
of
electrons
in
the
outermost
occupied
 energy
level
for
the
representa$ve
elements.
   Elements
within
any
“A”
group
have
similar
proper$es
and
a
sequence
of
change
 in
proper$es
which
is
the
same
for
all
groups
moving
down
a
period.

Similar
 proper$es
change
from
group
to
group.
   Elements
in
“B”
groups
are
transi9on
elements
and
they
exhibit
a
wide
 range
of
chemical
and
physical
proper$es
 Alkaline
Earth
Metals–
Group
2
(IIA)
   Low
density,
harder
than
the
alkali
metals
   Grey‐white
color,
also
dull
quickly
on

 exposure
to
air
(oxide
coa$ng)
   React
with
air
but
oxide
coa$ng
seals


 surfaces
and
prevents
further
reac$on




(does
 not
need
to
be
stored
under
oil)
   Do
not
exist
in
nature
in
the
uncombined
state
 Uses:
Magnesium
and
calcium
have
a
number
of
uses:
ranging
from
building
 to
dietary
supplements.
Barium
and
beryllium
are
used
in
areas
from
jewellery
 to
medicine,
while
stron+um
is
primarily
used
in
fireworks.
Radium,
on
the
 other
hand,
is
rarely
used
outside
of
laboratories,
in
large
part
because
its
 radioac$ve
quali$es
pose
a
hazard
to
human
life.
 Halogens–
Group
17
(VIIA)
   Various
colors
and
physical
states
   F
and
Cl
=
yellowish
green
gases
   Br
=
dark
red
liquid
   I
=
purple‐black
solid
with
a
 
 
 
 
 

metallic
sheen
   Extremely
reac$ve,
must
be
handled
with
extreme
cau$on,
 do
not
exist
in
nature
uncombined
   F,
Cl,
and
I
are
essen$al
elements
to
humans
   F
=
teeth,
Cl
=
body
fluids,
I
=
thyroid
gland
 Noble
Gases
–
Group
18
(VIIIA)
   Extremely
low
chemical
reac$vity,
usually
exist
as
separate
 atoms
rather
than
in
combina$on
with
other
atoms
   1962
–
Canadian
Chemistry
Neil
BartleJ
(B.C.)
was
the
first
to
 prepare
a
compound
containing
a
noble
gas
(XeF4)
   Very
useful
despite
their
unreac$vity:
   He
–
fills
weather
balloons
(not
explosive
like
the
less
dense
H)
   Ne,
Ar,
Kr,
Xe
used
for
photographic
flash
bulbs
and
aluminum
welding
 Colorless gases, but emit different colors when excited by electricity