Child Life Exam Child Life Exam, Exams of Psychology

Download Child Life Exam Child Life Exam and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Child Life Exam Elisabeth Kugler-Ross developed the stages of grief throughout her research (in the late 1960s). Dying adults tend to progress through the stages in what order? - Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance To provide emotional support & increase sense of connection between parents, siblings, & the patient, a CCLS may provide tech-based communication resources. This intervention applies which theory into child life practice? - Family systems theory When a person is internally having thoughts & feelings regarding a death, what are they experiencing? - Grief Examples of cognitive coping strategies - Distraction (conscious choice of alternate focus), therapeutic storytelling, spirituality/prayer, humor, imagery, continuous positive self-talk Relaxation Response - Physical state of deep relaxation that helps turn off the fight/flight response, counteract effects of stress, & induce state of calm (Dr. Benson) Dignity of risk - the principle that taking ordinary risks & chances is part of the human experience, & leads to self-determination, increased self-esteem, & independence Normal motor skills by age - 4 months: roll from abdomen to back 8 months: sit unsupported 10 months: pull self up to standing by holding onto furniture 11 months: walk while holding on to someone or something 15 months: walk independently 24 months: balance on one foot & kick at objects with other foot 30 months: jump up & down (in place) 36 months: throw ball overhand Essential elements of a psychosocial assessment - -Affect -Mood & temperament -Capacity for communication & interaction -Prior physical health & medical history -Personal/family stressors -Coping skills -Defense mechanisms -Hx of any self-esteem issues Attachment theory - John Bowlby -Protest, despair, detachment Most common pediatric stressors - -Separation from caregivers/loved ones -Any use of needles -Long wait times (time for fears to develop/imagination to create misconceptions) -Any procedure involving pain or unexpected sensation -Any exposure/exam of private body parts -Being the focus of groups (i.e. an OR team) -Use of any large/unfamiliar medical equipment Family systems theory - Every individual is an interrelated part of many other broader social systems, such as the family, community, society as a whole Scientific/biomedical health model - 1) Determinism: belief that a cause-and-effect relationship exists for every natural event 2) Mechanism: "life" arises from structures that operate like a machine 3) Reductionism: everything can be reduced or disassembled into its constituent parts 4) Dualism: the mind and body are separate entities Ethical principle of "veracity" - The duty to be truthful with others Ethical principle of "fidelity" - Requires child life professionals to be honest, faithful, and ethical in all interactions with others, and keep obligations imposed by laws, policy, or protocols Ethical principle of "fiduciary" - -Fiduciary (in child life context): has privileged information, standing, and/or education, and therefore holds advantages over others. -The ethical obligation to seek after the wellbeing of others by assisting them to fully attain their own interests and rights Rights of a child (receiving health care services) - 1) To be accompanied by a loved one whenever possible 2) To understand their health & treatment situation 3) To receive answers to questions asked 4) To be comforted when in distress 5) To play (even if it's just in bed) 6) To be given honest responses 7) To receive support, appropriate for development & needs 8) To be safe 9) To have control of their body 10) To be respected & have their rights and feelings honored 11) For their wellbeing to be paramount Spectator play - A child watching someone else or a group play, but not quite joining in (Partens, 1932) Parallel play - A child playing next to another child, but each child is doing their own thing (Partens, 1932) Associative play - When a child starts playing with others, but just by sharing toys or materials; there is not a common ground of play formed yet (Partens, 1932) Cooperative play - A child is actively engaging and playing with others in the same activity (Partens, 1932) Smilansky's revisions of Piaget's classifications of play - -1968 -Practice play > functional play (involving physical movement -Symbolic play > dramatic play (focused on using) imagination -Constructive play (modeling life activities) Therapeutic play according to Matthews (1991) - A method to limit or prevent psychological damage Primary goals of therapeutic play according to Matthews (1991) - 1) Accommodate normal developmental requirements 2) Produce a sense of familiarity in an unfamiliar setting 3) Enhance children's understanding of medical experiences 4) Produce/improve feelings of self-efficacy, control, & situational mastery 5) Improve opportunities for communication & individual expression 6) Help children cope with health & setting restrictions (e.g. isolation, separation from family) Significant research findings: Gilmore (1966) - Frightened & anxious children were the least likely to engage in free play Significant research findings: Lockwood (1970) - Medical doll play didn't reduce children's pre-procedural stress, BUT did significantly reduce anxiety Significant research findings: Phillips (1988) - Short, 30-minute play interventions are capable of substantially reducing children's anxiety What age group is most vulnerable to hospital stressors & related medical events? - 6 months - 4 years 3 most productive roles for adults to assume in play: - 1) Stage manager: adult stays on the sidelines & only responds to direct requests for help 2) Co-player: adult partners with child, taking on the role of follower & assistant as needed 3) Play leader: Adult actively enhances play experience by suggesting ideas or options 3 stages of separation anxiety - 1) Protest: Reacts to parents leaving by crying, kicking, or screaming 2) Despair: Hopelessness grows, child's crying or other protests grow intermittent (& eventually stop) 3) Detachment: happens after extended parental absence; child tries to form new attachments & re- engage in activities, but attachments are superficial, & child is apathetic when parent returns (Bowlby) Erikson's stages of psychosocial development - 0-18m: trust vs. mistrust 18m-3: autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3-5: initiative vs. guilt 5-12: industry vs. inferiority 12-18: identity vs. role confusion Piaget's stages of cognitive development - 0-2: sensorimotor 2-7: preoperational 7-12: concrete operational 12-18: formal operational Characteristics of children who are particularly vulnerable to negative impacts of hospitalization - 1) young children with prior hospitalization experience who developed fears/misconceptions 2) children with preexisting emotional disturbances 3) children of parents who cope poorly with medical experiences, tend to overreact or are anxious, or who are inattentive/harsh/neglectful 4) children with hx of abuse 5) children with developmental delays or sensory disabilities Ways to support resiliency in children - 1) Connect events to outcomes 2) Give praise WHEN something is done correctly, not before 3) Acknowledge all successes, even partial ones 4) Motivate extra effort or task completion even if stressed 5) Model sharing feelings & positive self-talk 6) Teach new skills & reinforce existing positive actions Main sources of familial stress (when a child is hospitalized) - -Health status of ill child -Facility issues (e.g. coping with strangers) -System entry (emergency vs. planned admission, time to prepare, etc.) -Duration of hospitalization -Child's coping -Loss of routine Typical hierarchy of priorities in family with a hospitalized child: - 1) meeting the needs of the hospitalized child 2) attending to siblings 3) work demands (less of a priority for mothers, greater priority for fathers) 4) household demands (meals, laundry, etc) Transactional Stress Model - Lazarus & Folkman, 1984 3 key stages of the transactional stress model - 1) Stressor identification 2) Appraisal of resolution options 3) Stressor mitigation (behavioral or cognitive changes and efforts) 3 categories of coping strategies employed by children - 1) Primary control: behaviors to revise ensuing circumstances 2) Secondary control: efforts to adjust self to circumstances 3) Relinquished control: deferring to others Communication strategies for infants/toddlers - -Focus on intensity, inflection, & level of infant sounds -Usually most comfortable in an upright position -Most effective when near their parents -Should be engaged using a quiet voice & comforting touches Communication strategies for preschoolers/young school-agers - -Let them approach you first whenever possible -Avoid too-big smiles & too-long eye contact -Get down to child's eye level, & keep parents nearby -Use plain, concrete language (avoid euphemisms) Communication strategies for older school-agers - -Use plain, direct communication methods -Explain & use basic reasons for anything discussed -Knowledge is an increasingly meaningful way of coping -Explanations about how the body functions become increasingly important in coping ability Communication strategies for adolescents - -Focus on their specific concerns to keep them engaged -Make sure to clarify meanings of words/phrases used -Avoid asking questions in ways that seem intrusive/demanding -Work your way up to personal questions--start more broadly & with non-threatening topics -Keep in mind adolescents are moodier & more emotional Family centered care - Recognizes that families understand their children best and are their best source of support; their role is central to the health and wellbeing of children, and should have an equally central role in evaluating/providing care 3 classifications of children's chronic conditions - 1) Stemming from post-natal injury 2) Developmental disabilities (includes genetic disorders) 3) Mental health problems 5 family management styles - -Guilt, including survivor's guilt -Irritability -Attention-seeking behaviors -Sleeping problems -Difficulty concentrating in school Sibling grief-oriented interventions - -Allowing siblings to be present at time of death -Advocating for presence of stable extended family/trusted adults during initial days of parents' acute grieving -Role modeling expressions of feelings -Finding appropriate ways to express feelings of frustration, anger, etc. -Finding ways to relieve stress -Participation in play, playroom activities, etc. -Preparation of siblings PRIOR to bringing into dying sibling's room "Red flag" reactions to sibling death - Depression, academic failure or overemphasis, drug/alcohol use, fighting, legal trouble, acting out sexually, eating disorders, severe mood disturbances, extreme isolation/withdrawal, suicidal thoughts/gestures Death classification acronym - NASH: natural, accidental, suicide, homicide Grandparent grief - -Must cope not just with their own grief of losing grandchild, but also with helplessness of being unable to comfort/shield their child from the pain of the loss -Survivor's guilt Anticipatory grief - Grief expressed prior to demise (death is imminent and/or expected) 4 major points of intervention following any sudden demise (Jones, 1978) - 1) Appropriate arrival contacts: escorting family to private area 2) Death notification: conveyed honestly & compassionately, with presence of physician to clarify what happened, all that could be done was done, & to clear misconceptions 3) Viewing the body: essential to ground the death in reality & begin grief process 4) Closure: signing papers, returning of belongings, funeral discussion/preparations, etc. Supportive interventions prior to death: - 1) offer choices instead of decisions whenever possible 2) provide privacy (both at bedside and areas for contemplation & phone access) 3) frequent contact to offer support, answer questions, etc. 4) referring support staff (social work, child life, pastoral/spiritual services) Supportive interventions at time of death: - 1) continue to involve parents in care (holding, dressing, etc.) 2) involve siblings, grandparents, other loved ones 3) Engage in memory-making (hand/footprints, locks of hair, heartbeat strip, photographs, gathering of comfort items, etc.) 4) escorting/accompanying family from the facility, once appropriate Bluebond-Langner's 5 stages of child's awareness of their own death (1978) - 1) Discovering the seriousness of their illness 2) Learning names, purposes, side effects, etc. 3) Better understanding of the role of involved treatments & procedures 4) Discovery that their illness has involved relapses, remissions, etc. 5) Concluding that death will occur when medicines & treatments no longer work Bluebond-Langner's 5 stages of child's self-concept through their illness (1978) - 1) well until their disease was diagnosed 2) seriously ill, but will recover (like their family tells them) 3) sick all the time, but still expect to get better 4) sick all the time and won't ever get better 5) will die/death is imminent (this awareness typically happens when a hospitalized peer dies) Bluebond-Langner's ways hospitalized children demonstrate awareness of their impending death (1978) - -avoiding using the names, toys, or belongings of other deceased children -increasingly interested in play or talk about their disease -becoming increasingly preoccupied with play, art, & books related to death & disease -singling out specific individuals for personal disclosures -altered anxiety about ever getting well enough to go home -moving away from/avoiding talk of the future -wanting things done right away -reduced cooperation with medical procedures -distancing self from others, using silence or anger The Private Worlds of Dying Children - -Myra Bluebond-Langner, 1978 -study of 40+ patients with leukemia, ages 3-9 -study of the way children learn about the seriousness & anticipated outcome of their disease Aspects of preparation for funerals: - -making sure children know in advance what they will see/hear (tears, open or closed casket, memory sharing, etc.) -discussion of the meaning of death (especially if the body will be present/visible) -child should never be forced to attend the funeral, view or touch the body -options for breaks -consider allowing older children/teens the option of participating in the service, if they are comfortable with it Cultural competency related to death/dying (McGoldrick, 1991) - 1) learn of any religious/cultural guidelines involving death & the management of the body 2) ask about believes regarding existence of an afterlife 3) identify norms & expectations regarding emotional/psychological coping with death 4) learn of any gender-based rules or expectations 5) find out any stigmas attached to certain kinds of death (e.g. suicide), or related matters (e.g. medical treatment vs. spiritual healing, etc.) 2 types of medical relationships - Mutual & unilateral (one-sided) Factors that increase the degree & intensity of provider-patient relationship (and increase likelihood of boundary issues): - 1) Chronic illness (frequent contact over a long period of time) 2) Life-threatening illness (significant feelings of grief & emotional distress within the provider- patient-family relationship) 3) Home care (caring context/environment tends to imbue relationship with a greater sense of "family" than medical setting-based relationship) "A Two Year Old Goes to the Hospital" - Bowlby & Robertson, 1950 Mary Salter Ainsworth - -"An Evaluation of Adjustment Based upon the Concept of Security," 1940 -idea that children require a "secure base," or an important attachment figure necessary to explore unfamiliar environments/circumstances "The Nature of the Child's Tie to His Mother," 1958 - Bowlby: instinctive behaviors (sucking, clinging, following) produce infant-maternal bond during the first year "Separation Anxiety," 1959 - Bowlby: child-maternal separation responses moving from protest > despair > detachment "Grief & Mourning in Infancy and Early Childhood," 1960 - Bowlby: contradicted the traditional theory that infants/young children can't experience grief & mourning, and proposed that recurring losses of attachment figures would result in a later inability to form secure intimate relationships Necessary aspects of child life assessment: - diagnosis, recommended treatment course, chronological vs. developmental age, responses to past & current healthcare issues, ability to communicate & function independently, fears, coping style, cultural & religious issues, presence of family or life stressors What is the primary research technique in a co-relational study? - Describing the relationships between variables, without experimenting manipulations At what age should a child be able to balance on one foot and kick something with the other foot? - 24 months Outcomes evaluation - Evaluating the success of a particular intervention 5 aspects of outcomes evaluation - -Building rapport & trust At which stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development do children engage in magical thinking & show egocentrism? - Preoperational stage When positioning a toddler for a procedure, what position is MOST likely to cause fear? - Supine (lying flat with face up) Feelings of abandonment when hospitalized, exaggerated fears of people, pain, and equipment, and confusing fantasy and reality are common at what age? - age 3-5 Kubler-Ross' 5 stages of grief - 1) denial 2) anger 3) bargaining 4) depression 5) acceptance longitudinal study - a study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time (only one group being studied, at multiple points in time) longitudinal-sequential design (study) - research design in which two or more age groups of people are studied repeatedly over time (combines longitudinal & cross-sectional study formats) cross-sectional design (study) - researching 2 or more groups of varying ages, measured at only one point in time retrospective study - "look back" study, that follows up after a specific intervention & may require only one point of measurement Comprehensive program: - Multi-modal system of care that includes family-centered care, environmental normalization, socialization, & feelings expression Cross & Thomas's 9 traits retained throughout life measure: - temperament & personality Cross & Thomas' 1956 research study - Tracked 100 newborns into adolescence to find 9 significant traits that lead to 3 general temperament types (easygoing, slow to warm, difficult) & personality Ideal time to prepare a developmentally-appropriate preschooler for a procedure is within: - a few hours of the procedure When orienting new students & volunteers, you should limit the use of: - Lectures; can become monotonous & redundant, less likely to retain attention & engagement than handouts, Q&A sessions, or audio-visual materials Choose the term that most closely approximates a diagnosis of ataxia in a child: - Dyskinesia: difficulty performing voluntary muscle movements (ataxia: loss of voluntary muscle coordination, esp. in extremities) dysphagia - difficulty swallowing dyspnea - difficult or labored breathing dysarthria - speech & word-forming problems like stammering or stuttering Qualitative research model - a method that yields descriptive data, & is based on systemic & careful observation & detailed documentation/descriptions of activities, behaviors, or other outcomes relevant to the research hypothesis or goal Relevant to statistical research, the term "correlation" refers to: - a matching change in the value of one variable, in direct or proportional response to changes in another variable (remember correlation does NOT equal causation!) Age group that views death as temporary or reversible - Preschoolers Age group that views death as "here vs. not-here" - Toddlers Age group that views "moving" as alive and "still" as dead - Toddlers Term for a variety of touch-mitigated strategies to comfort, reassure, calm, & support children in distressing circumstances (e.g. rocking, stroking, hugging, massaging): - Positive touch A passive behavioral disturbance common in hospitalized children: - lethargy & decreased activity Problems interacting with peers, self-destructive behaviors, angry expressions/gestures, or other aggressive conduct are all classified as what kind of behavioral disturbance? - Active experimental study - offering different interventions/variable manipulations among multiple groups; participants are randomized into groups (to prevent researcher bias), & a control group is needed research design used for a study that assigns children randomly to 3 different groups, where each group uses a different approach to prep children for a specific health intervention: - experimental The first step in preparing a care plan should be: - Establish and build a relationship with the child Code of Ethics principle that says practitioners must assess, maintain, & remedy any relationship that prevents the effective practice of the profession - 10th principle Code of Ethics principle that says professionals must respect other professionals - 9th principle Code of Ethics principle that says practitioners must make proper referrals for services beyond their own skills/scope of practice - 8th principle neutropenia - abnormally low white blood cell count deliberate behavior focused on managing specific fears and/or distressing thoughts is referred to as: - emotion-focused coping Why do accreditation entities require child life programs to have written policy & procedural guidelines? - To foster program quality & consistent, dependable services What aspect of a child life assessment can't be learned solely through observing a child's health care play? - Developmental level & maturity (only specific testing can appropriately diagnose or prove developmental level) Activities based on identifying specific problems & seeking appropriate solutions are referred to as: - problem-focused coping Who is the researcher most responsible for using filmography to show the need for increased parental visitation hours? - James Robertson ("A Two-Year-Old Goes to the Hospital," 1950) When preparing for a surgery, which age group is most susceptible to believing that bad thoughts or behavior caused their medical condition? - Age 3-7 Children who focus on avoidance or other passive coping strategies to cope with anxiety-producing experiences typically benefit most from which type of intervention? - Distraction methods A comprehensive child life developmental assessment should include at least these 4 domains: - Physical, cognitive, affective, social 3) forming new relationships Bowlby's 4 phases of grief - 1) shock & numbness 2) yearning & searching 3) despair & disorganization 4) reorganization & recovery Theresa Rando's 6 R's of Mourning - 1) Recognize (the loss) 2) React (to the separation) 3) Recollect & re-experience 4) Relinquish (old attachments) 5) Readjust (to a new world) 6) Reinvest (emotional energy) Common stress points - New diagnosis, acute deterioration, lengthy or frequent admissions, current events bringing up past memories Child Life Service Model - Assessment (info gathering & assimilation) and Plan (must target a specific outcome or goal) SOAP note - Subjective, objective, assessment, plan APIE note - Assessment, plan, intervention, evaluation Mandated reporting - Legal mandate to disclose situations of life-and-death danger to the individual or others, or situations of criminal abuse or neglect 4 fundamental assumptions of family systems theory - 1) all parts of the system are connected to each other 2) the family as a system can only be understood by viewing it as a whole, NOT as individual parts 3) family system is affected by and affects the environment 4) not an actual physical phenomenon; the family system is a way of understanding a family's organization & experiences 4 components of a family system - 1) structure 2) interactions 3) functions 4) life cycle According to Erikson, which age group is most likely to view hospitalization as a threat to a sense of accomplishment? - 7-11 years Due to improved pediatric policies & family involvement, which stage of attachment is most seldom observed in the hospital setting? - Detachment What is the primary function of structured play for children in healthcare settings? - To obtain mastery with objects and roles associated with healthcare experiences The duty of promoting the welfare of an individual is known as: - Beneficence In a healthcare setting, the creation of a well-defined role in relationship to others is integral to which concept? - Professional boundaries proximal-distal - midline-outwards Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development - 1st zone: stuff child can already do 2nd zone: things they can achieve or accomplish with support from someone who has mastery 3rd zone: things the child can't do or will cause stress/anxiety if they try to do it (scaffolding) Using Erikson's theory, the best way to encourage a 2y in traction to develop autonomy is to provide the child with... - choices in daily activities Bolig's 4 aspects of a comprehensive child life program - Provides socialization experiences, normalizes the environment, facilitates the expression of feelings, involves the family Showing an 8y a video of a child going through events associated with surgery, in order to prepare for their own surgery, is an example of what kind of preparation? - Modeling When a child is trying to understand death, they might ask "Do kids and animals die too?" Which concept of death is the child trying to grasp by asking this question? - Universality Common fears of a toddler - pain/unfamiliar sensations, strangers, separation from caregivers, changes in routine Common fears of an adolescent - death, changes in bodily appearance, rejection, being "different" Common stressors of infants - lack of or changes in routine, separation from primary caregivers, sudden/unexpected stimulation (loud noises, bright lights, movements) Common stressors of toddlers - separation from caregivers, an inability to express/communicate fears or confusion A child repeatedly asks questions during a blow draw. According to Lazarus, this behavior is best identified as: A.Primary appraisal B.Problem-focused coping C.Emotion-focused coping D.Secondary Appraisal - B, problem-focused coping The most critical factor associated with a child's vulnerability to the stresses of hospitalization is the... - age of the patient A child life specialist should observe a child's intensity of response, distractibility, adaptability to routine changes, persistence, & attention span in order to determine the child's... - predominant pattern of functioning Children who have experienced trauma or loss require continuous assessment of which behavior? - self-blame preschool children typically conceptualize illness as something... - caused by proximity or magic Interventions consistent with a child's temperament are more likely to have what kind of outcome? - Successful Which of the following would be most useful in helping a child work through a just-completed medical procedure? a) visit to the activity center b) separation play c) interacting with peers d) medical play - medical play A child life specialist should play for a child when the child... - is too ill, withdrawn, or physically unable to engage in play Vicarious play - playing "for" a child A researcher is designing a study to investigate whether reduce anxiety in children is associated with preparation before a medical procedure. To ensure confidence in the results, the most appropriate research design would be to: - Provide preparation to a randomly selected group of children & compare to a second randomly selected group who receive no preparation One of the most important forms of support for the families of children with special needs is: - What statement characterizes a preschool-aged child's thinking about death? - They can feel responsible for a death Considering specific idiosyncratic issues while developing a school ager's care plan requires: - Assessing their preferred coping style A patient classification system is NOT a: a) form of a structural assessment tool b) method for prioritizing care of pts c) tool for developing pt care plans d) way to determine the degree of child life care needed to reach goals - a) form of a structural assessment tool The BEST example of adolescent egocentrism in a healthcare setting is: - believing others are preoccupied with their appearance A 6y/o who has been in a rehab unit for 2m after suffering traumatic injuries in a car accident draws a family photo that doesn't include herself. The child life specialist should... - Suggest to the child that she include herself The purpose of child & family observation is to: - Gather data & info relevant to determining their unmet psychosocial needs A 4y/o yells at a doll during medical play & accuses it of being "bad," after recently having an IV placed in his foot. What is your assessment of the child? - He is expressing feelings related to his experience Infants primarily use & understand nonverbal communication as a means to... - Communicate their needs to their caregiver Wolfer, Gaynard, et al. research project - ACCH Child Life Research Project: found hospitalized children that participate in child life activities experienced less emotional stress & exhibit more coping mechanisms than the control group According to the ACCH Child Life Research Project, hospitalized children who participate in child life activities were shown to: - Experience less emotional stress & exhibit more coping mechanisms than the control group Seeking feedback from children regarding their experiences (e.g. following a prep session & medical procedure) can help develop self-evaluation skills when... - the specialist uses the information to evaluate & modify their own interventions According to Bowlby, the principal factor in reducing a child's susceptibility to fear & anxiety is: - the presence of an attachment figure descriptive research study - A research method that describes the characteristics of the population or condition/phenomenon being studied (the "what" instead of the "why") strabismus - vision condition where a person can't align both eyes simultaneously under normal conditions, "cross-eyed" or "wall-eyed" A behavior that displays ethical conduct that includes family-centered care & professional boundaries is: - Conveying support while affirming the patient's & family's abilities Common fears of a school-ager - pain, death, anesthesia, bodily mutilation, castration Center for Health Design (CHD) - Nonprofit org that aims to support & improve healthcare organizations Supplemental Security Income (SSI) - A federal program established to provide assistance to elderly persons, persons with disabilities, & children with limited income or resources Substituted judgement - Decision made by a person on behalf of someone incompetent & unable to decide for themselves family-to-family support - decreases isolation & internalized blame, increases feelings of self-efficacy & realization of importance of self-care, helps foster sense of acceptance & appreciation for child's challenges & partnership w/treatment providers Cultural Competence Continuum - 1. Cultural destructiveness 2. Cultural Incapacity 3. Cultural Blindess 4. Cultural Pre-Competence 5. (Basic) Cultural Competence 6. Advanced Cultural Competence avoider - children who try to avoid knowing of or discussing the event sensitizer - want to know all about procedures, express anxiety, & plan coping strategies Postvention - therapeutic interventions with the significant others of an individual who has committed suicide Immanent justice - Piaget: children's belief that punishment should automatically follow breaking the rules or bad behavior JACHO - Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations: accredits & certifies healthcare organizations & programs in the US Competence motivation theory - Conceptual framework designed to explain the motivation to participate, persist, & work hard in an achievement context--individuals are attracted to participation in activities they feel competent in/capable of Examples of sensory coping strategies - positioning, movement, massage, music, thermal regulation Which assessment model assigns a risk level score using 8 variables that correlates with the potential risk of negative patient behaviors or outcomes during healthcare encounters? - Psychosocial Risk Assessment in Pediatrics A child is briefly separated from a parent & upon return, the child is hesitant to interact with the parent. According to Bowlby's attachment theory, this is an example of: - detachment A physician enters a room to obtain informed consent for an upcoming procedure from a family who has been reported to understand English but is primarily Spanish speaking. What should the child life specialist do next? - Contact interpretation services (in advocacy) to alert them that the family is meeting with the physician & questions their full consent comprehension Pediatric home health care - holistic treatment for medically complex children or children with developmental disabilities who otherwise might experience frequent/prolonged hospitalizations or chronic institutional care annual report - A comprehensive report on a company's activities throughout the preceding year American Academy of Pediatrics - professional organization for pediatricians that sets policy statements for child health. Family resource centers - Community-based, family-focused, culturally sensitive facilities that provide programs & services based on families' needs IDEA - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: law that makes available a free, appropriate public education to children with disabilities & ensures special education/services for them Emancipated minor - Person who is not 18 but has the same legal rights as an adult NIDCAP -