Term 1: Introduction to Research Methods in Psychology, Quizzes of Developmental Psychology

Download Term 1: Introduction to Research Methods in Psychology and more Quizzes Developmental Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Insuring Objectivity DEFINITION 1 Reflect reality, free from bias, replicable - Focus on what can be observed/ quantify what you are observing in a reliable manner TERM 2 Naturalistic DEFINITION 2 Type of obersevation = * Good place to begin | Results are more likely to generalize TERM 3 Structured DEFINITION 3 Type of obersevation = More control over situation | Preferred for low frequency behavior TERM 4 Observational protocol DEFINITION 4 well-defined coding categories |observers trained in using it TERM 5 Inter-observer reliability DEFINITION 5 Agreement between observers about what they have observed. TERM 6 Type of Descriptive Study DEFINITION 6 Microanalysis of videotapes TERM 7 Minimizing observer effects DEFINITION 7 Effect of knowing one is being observed. | Hide observer or video camera | Habituate participants to observer or video camera TERM 8 Open-ended & Structured DEFINITION 8 [Types of interviews] 1. = more detailed individual answers. | 2. = pre-determined questions TERM 9 Qualitative & quantitative DEFINITION 9 [Types of interviews] 1. = Data: words, pictures or objects. 2. = Data: numbers and statistics. TERM 10 Case studies DEFINITION 10 An extensive study of a single person. = Done to examine an unusual person or situation TERM 21 Cross-sectional DEFINITION 21 [ Developmental Design] 1. Potential cohort effect: Cohort = people born in the same era. Age is confounded with cohort. Cohort effect = a difference that is due to cohort not age. Best known example: Effects of aging on intelligence TERM 22 Cross-sectional DEFINITION 22 [ Developmental Design] 2. Age-sample confounds: Sample of one age group May come from a different population than the sample of another age group. 3. Cannot track individual change. 4. Cannot examine predictors of development. TERM 23 Longitudinal DEFINITION 23 [ Developmental Design] 1. Cost 2. The sample studied may not be representative of the population. 3. Potential for selective attrition. Attrition - participants dropping out. Selective attrition - attrition is not random. 4. Potential for a carryover effect TERM 24 Jean Piaget DEFINITION 24 Swiss boy genius born in 1896. Ph.D. in biology at age 21Focus: Normative development of human intelligence (genetic epistemology) Not individual differences. Based in French Romantic philosophy (Rousseau) Reaction to British Empiricism & Protestantism Children inherit a blueprint for development. Childrens natural tendencies are good & healthy Dominant theory from mid 60s to mid 80s, & still influential. TERM 25 Sensorimotor stage (Infancy birth 2 yrs.) DEFINITION 25 [Stage of cognitive development] = Infant knows the world through their movements and sensations.Knowledge of world limited (but developing)Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen (object permanence) 7 months (memory)They are separate beings from the people and objects around them. They realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them.Learning occurs through assimilation and accommodation.Physical development (mobility) allows the child to begin developing new intellectual abilities.Some symbolic (language) abilities are developed at the end of this stage. TERM 26 Pre-operational stage (Toddler/Early Childhood 2-7) DEFINITION 26 [Stage of cognitive development] =Think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects. They also tend to be very egocentric, and see things only from their point of view. TERM 27 Concrete operational stage (Elementary/ Early adolescence 7-11) DEFINITION 27 [Stage of cognitive development] =7 types of conservation: number, length, liquid, mass, weight, area, volume)Thinking logically about concrete events. Begin using inductive logic, or reasoning from specific information to a general principle. Concept of conservation; the ability to see that objects or quantities remain the same despite a change in their physical appearance.Operational thinking develops (mental actions that are reversible). Egocentric thought diminishes. TERM 28 Formal operational stage (Adolescence and adulthood 12 & +) DEFINITION 28 [Stage of cognitive development] =think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems. Think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning. TERM 29 Principle of cognitive readiness DEFINITION 29 Claim: The child is incapable of certain cognitive achievements until he or she reaches a certain level of brain maturation. Attempts to teach children certain concepts or procedures before they are ready will fail. Child inherits tendencies for organization & adaption |__Structure ones knowledge and reasoning TERM 30 Assimilation DEFINITION 30 Type of Adaption : Fitting problem to a known solution TERM 31 Accommodation DEFINITION 31 Type of Adaption : altering solution - solve problem more effectively. TERM 32 The Action Metaphor DEFINITION 32 Reasoning is a lot like acting Development of reasoning = like = development of motor ability: coordination - strength - flexibility - precision - speed - stability TERM 33 Information Processing Theory DEFINITION 33 [Type of Theory] : American; grew out of computer science. Same focus as Piaget: normative dev. of human intelligence Influential from 1960s to today Similarity to Behaviorism: Empiricist (Locke) TERM 34 Information Processing Theory DEFINITION 34 [Type of Theory] : The mind is like a computer. Hardware: processing operations and memories Software: learned programs Thinking: running a computer program. TERM 35 Bronfrenbrenners Ecological Systems Model DEFINITION 35 [ Sociocultural Approach ] : A person's development was affected by everything in their surrounding environment.