Cities and Urban Geography - Human Geography - Lecture Slides, Slides of Geology

Download Cities and Urban Geography - Human Geography - Lecture Slides and more Slides Geology in PDF only on Docsity! Cities and Urban Geography • Historic Cities and City Functions • Geographic Observations of City Location and Size • The World’s Largest Cities • Suburbanization and Edge Cities • Urban Problems Docsity.com Cities and Urban Geography • In 1950 1/3 of the world lived in a city. • Today 1/2 of us live in cities and the number is increasing. Docsity.com Ancient World Cities Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and Indus Valley. E. Mediterranean Athens 2,500 B.C. 1st city to exceed 100,000 Many cities organized into City-States Ancient Athens Docsity.com Medieval World Cities After collapse of Roman Empire in 5th Century, Europe’s cities were diminished or abandoned. European Feudal Cities Begin in 11th Century Independent cities formed in exchange for military service to feudal lord. Improved roads encouraged trade Dense and compact within defensive walls Cittadella, Italy Paris, France Docsity.com Medieval World Cities is "ei ir tee ce Beesiiy.com Industrialization has driven urbanization • Since 1950, urban populations have quadrupled. – Due to a growing human population and increased movement to cities – By 2050, urban populations will grow by 94%. • In developed nations, urbanization has slowed. – Suburbs: the smaller communities that ring cities • Developing nations are urbanizing rapidly. – People are searching for jobs and urban lifestyles. Docsity.com Major Cities of the World Today, for the first time ever, over ½ of the world’s population lives in urban areas. Docsity.com Intraregional Migrations in U.S. For about 100 years the U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs of the cities: suburbanization and counterurbanization U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s. Developed Countries: suburbanization • automobiles and roads •‘American Dream’ • better services • lower taxes Docsity.com The Ten Fastest-Growing Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000; 1990 Census. Web: www.census.gov Population Change, 1990–2000 Metropolitan area April 1, 1990 April 1, 2000 Number Percent Las Vegas, Nev., Ariz. 852,737 1,563,282 710,545 83.3% Naples, Fla. 152,099 251,377 99,278 65.3 Yuma, Ariz. 106,895 160,026 53,131 49.7 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, Tex. 383,545 569,463 185,918 48.5 Austin-San Marcos, Tex. 846,227 1,249,763 403,536 47.7 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, Ark. 210,908 311,121 100,213 47.5 Boise, Idaho 295,851 432,345 136,494 46.1 Phoenix-Mesa, Ariz. 2,238,480 3,251,876 1,013,396 45.3 Laredo, Tex. 133,239 193,117 59,878 44.9 Provo-Orem, Utah 263,590 368,536 104,946 39.8 Docsity.com The Ten Fastest-Growing Metropolitan Areas, 2001-2006 Source: U.S. Census Bureau; 2006: Census. Web: www.census.gov Docsity.com The Ten Fastest-Growing Metropolitan Areas, 2008- 2009 (plus four previous top ten cities that have slowed their growth) Source: U.S. Census Bureau; 2006: Census. Web: www.census.gov Docsity.com Primate City Rule If the largest settlement in a country has more than twice the number as the second ranking city, it’s called primate. These cities tend to represent the perceived culture of the country and have a disproportionate influence on the country. Largest City Population Second-largest City Population Paris 9 million Marseille 2 million London 9 million Birmingham 2 million Docsity.com Skyscrapers • Why build up? • Why copy Western model? • Where are the world’s tallest buildings? Docsity.com Megalopolis Illustrates the difference between strict city proper definitions and broader urban agglomerations. To define urbanized areas, the U.S. Census Bureau uses the term Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or Consolidated MSA (CMSA) if two of them overlap. Docsity.com Largest World Metropolitan Areas Ten Most Populous Today Rank City Population 1 Tokyo, Japan 28 million 2 New York City, United States 20.1 million 3 Mexico City, Mexico 18.1 million 4 Mumbai, India (Bombay) 18 million 5 Sao Paulo, Brazil 17.7 million 6 Los Angeles, United States 15.8 million 7 Shanghai, China 14.2 million 8 Lagos, Nigeria 13.5 million 9 Kolkata, India (Calcutta) 12.9 million 10 Buenos Aires, Argentina 12.5 million Docsity.com Largest World Cities Ten Most Populous by A.D. 2015 1. Tokyo 28.7 million 2. Bombay 27.4 million 3. Lagos 24.4 million 4. Shanghai 23.4 million 5. Jakarta 21.2 million 6. São Paulo 20.8 million 7. Karachi 20.6 million 8. Beijing 19.4 million 9. Dhaka, Bangladesh 19.0 million 10. México 18.8 million Source: U.N., 2001 * Note that only one of these cities is in the Core of the more developed world! Docsity.com Urbanization in developing countries • Most fast-growing cities are in developing countries. – Less need for farm labor due to industrialization – Wars, conflict, and ecological degradation are driving people to cities. • Many of these cities face overcrowding, pollution, and poverty. – Their economic growth does not match their population growth. Docsity.com Cities in Crisis, Urban Problems U.S. City Problems Sprawl  commutes  environmental problems  tax flight (bankrupts cities) Racial and Economic Segregation  schools  taxes  democracy Docsity.com School Segregation Probability that a black student has white classmates Ms Less than ices MS 20-40 lg 4 TG 6 -80% More than BO 0 data oF oo Black stueears Source: adapted from the New York Times, April 2, 2000, p. Ad. Docsity.com Sprawl • Houses and roads supplant more than 1 million ha (2.5 million acres) of U.S. land per year. • Sprawl: the spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center – Physical spread of development is greater than the rate of population growth. – Phoenix, Arizona’s population grew 12 times larger between 1950 and 2002, while its land area grew 27 times larger. Docsity.com What is wrong with sprawl? • Transportation: people are forced to drive cars – Pressure to own cars and drive greater distances – Increases dependence on non-renewable petroleum – Increases stress, injuries, deaths. • Pollution from sprawl’s effects on transportation – Carbon dioxide, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing air pollutants – Motor oil and road salt from roads and parking lots Docsity.com What else is wrong with sprawl? • Health: promotes physical inactivity because driving cars replaces walking – Increases obesity and high blood pressure • Land use: less land is left as forests, fields, farmland, or ranchland – Loss of ecosystem services, recreation, aesthetic beauty, wildlife habitat • Economics: drains tax dollars from communities – Money goes to new communities for roads, water and sewer systems, electricity, police and fire services, schools in new developments Docsity.com Ty o Pomel: Tt ELE. wT E “fs j Be Ce hw : i, ey “awe te oe = i oe Aad Se Cina ibs Mie Vim Phoenix, Arizona Urban growth boundaries (UGBs) • Limits sprawl: keeps growth in existing urbanized areas – Revitalize downtowns – Protect farms, forests, and their industries – Ensure urban dwellers some access to open space – May reduce infrastructure costs • Disadvantages: – Increases housing prices within their boundaries – Restricts development outside UGB – Increases the density of new housing inside the UGB • Relentless population growth may thwart even the best anti-sprawl efforts. Docsity.com Urban Planning Building Better Cities How to Make a Great City Famous Planned Cities  Canberra, Australia  Brasilia, Brazil  Washington, D.C.  Irvine, CA  Seaside, FL  Poundbury, England Smart Growth  Pedestrian Friendly  Public Transit  Increase Density  Mix Ethnic and Income Groups  Mix Residential, Commericial, and Recreational Uses Docsity.com What kinds of cultural values are reflected in this landscape? Docsity.com Mass transportation • A key in improvement of quality of urban life – Public buses – Trains and subways – Light rail: smaller rail systems powered by electricity • Cheaper, more energy efficient, and cleaner • Traffic congestion is eased. – Traffic jams cost the U.S. economy $74 billion yearly. – The average American household spends over $8000 a year on automobile-related expenses! Median household income in 2009 was below $50,000. Docsity.com Parks and open spaces are key elements • City dwellers want escape from noise, commotion, and stress. • Natural lands, public parks, and open space provide greenery, scenic beauty, freedom, and recreation. – Protect ecological processes • Parks originated in America at the end of the 19th century. • Even small spaces can make a big difference. – Playgrounds, community gardens, greenways Docsity.com The Geography of Nowhere James H Kunstler dissects suburbia TED2004, Filmed Feb 2004; Posted May 2007 ce S Wy oe i http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/james_howard_ kunstler_dissects_suburbia.html ® Docsity.com Changes in Cities in LDCs Populations of cities in the less developed world have been surging: urbanization, migration, natural increase Urbanization in Developing Countries • driven by changes in global economy that make farming more challenging • the poor live in the suburbs, rich live in CBD • cities struggle to provide jobs and housing • services overtaxed • squatter settlements common • crime on the rise Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Docsity.com Europe versus U.S. Cities: Sprawl European cities, including this hypothetical U.K. example, tend to restrict suburban development, thereby concentrating new development in and around existing concentrations. This leaves large rings of open space, so-called greenbelts. What are the social costs of sprawl? Docsity.com Toulouse, France Docsity.com ae bat my + Oy ) rT] \. | Nk id i, it il Pr Soa taan i fl M AEN OT, TE cece ce cy oeeEE FI Docsity.com Somewhere in France Docsity.com ee =" | j. i Docsity.com