CJ 404 Final Exam Latest 2023/2024 Updated with correct answer Latest, Exams of Law

Download CJ 404 Final Exam Latest 2023/2024 Updated with correct answer Latest and more Exams Law in PDF only on Docsity! 1 [Document title] CJ 404 Final Exam Latest 2023/2024 Updated with correct answer Latest  Cultural Conflict - ✓✓✓Occurs when different cultural values and beliefs clash. Used to explain violence and crime.  Concentric Zones - ✓✓✓  Social Disorganization - ✓✓✓The decrease of the influence of existing social rules of behavior on individual members of the group.  Collective Efficacy - ✓✓✓A measure of social cohesion among residents and their willingness to act to control unacceptable behavior P a g e 1 | 17 2 [Document title]  Conduct Norm - ✓✓✓Rules enforced by the society that change from group to group. What behaviors are appropriate and what are not  Shaw and McKay - ✓✓✓Official crime rates were greatest in Zone Two and declined with distance outward from the city  Critical Ecology - ✓✓✓Tries to take into account political and economic forces that create a space and facilitate crime  -Local government planning decisions  -Local institutions  Public policing decisions  Urban Design and Environmental Criminology - ✓✓✓Relates to the issues of space, land use, and physical design and how these impact crime P a g e 2 | 17 5 [Document title]  Cannot achieve status through legitimate means "reaction formation"  Robert Merton's Five Adaptations - ✓✓✓Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion  Conformity - ✓✓✓Accepts the goals of society and the legitimate means of acquiring them (+/+)  Innovation - ✓✓✓Accept the goals but significantly reject or alter the means of acquiring the goals; put simply, they cheat or "hustle" (+/-)  Ritualism - ✓✓✓Reject the societal goals but accept the means; they recognize that they will never achieve the goals due to personal inability or other factors (-/+) P a g e 5 | 17 6 [Document title]  Retreatism - ✓✓✓The individual rejects both the goals of society as well as the legitimate means to attain them (-/-)  Rebellion - ✓✓✓Not only reject the goals and means but replace them with new ones (-/+ -/+)  Differential Opportunity Structures and Alienated Youth (Cloward and Ohlin) - ✓✓✓Rather than rejecting middle class values, working class male youths are rational, goal seeking, and oriented towards these values, particularly economic success.  Anticipated Strain - ✓✓✓The person's expectation that the current strain will continue in the future P a g e 6 | 17 7 [Document title]  Vicarious Strain - ✓✓✓The real-life strain experienced by others around the individual  Institutional Anomie Theory (Messner and Rosenfeld) - ✓✓✓Focuses on the unique character of U.S. culture, embodied in the 'American Dream' and its relationships with US economic institutions.  Radical and Conflict Theory Similarities - ✓✓✓-Humans are creative and active agents who invest energy to build the social structure.  -Crime is the result of the way society is organized. -Share a macro- level perspective  -Concerned with the possession of power, who creates the law and how is it enforced.  -Law is a social control mechanism P a g e 7 | 17 10 [Document title]  -Conflict is between segments of society whose actors are designed to maintain or advance their position.  -Crimes become a part of the public psyche and popular culture as they are disseminated through the media.  -Argued that criminal definitions are then applied by authority agents of those who have societal power.  -This is based on the level of perceived threat the powerful feel from the powerless in proportion to the degree of visibility of the crime.  -The social reality of crime in politically organized society is a political act designed to protect and perpetuate a particular set of interests over others.  The Criminalization of Resisting Subordinates (Austin Turk) - ✓✓✓- Shows how people in subordinate positions of authority are subject to the P a g e 10 | 17 11 [Document title] values, standards, and laws of those in authority positions.  -People who learn "norms of domination" believe they are superior to others and destined to command them.  -Most learn "norms of deference" or see themselves as inferior.  -"Norms resisters" are those relatively unsophisticated in the knowledge of patterns in the behavior of others which is used in attempts to manipulate them.  -Crimes are the acts of those who have been 'conditioned to accept as a fact of life that authorities must be reckoned with'.  -Such conditioning underlies social order in all society.  Feminist Criminology - ✓✓✓Main focus: gender. Seek to explain why women engage in serious and violent crime. P a g e 11 | 17 12 [Document title]  Types of Feminism - ✓✓✓-Liberal (argues that subordinated position of women and the criminal tendencies of men result from socialization of masculine and feminine identities and male discrimination against feminine identities).  -Socialist (examines the interrelated and interdependent forces of capitalism and patriarchy that lead to men's crime and women's oppression, subordination, and dependency).  -Radical (argue that the explanation for the gender ratio in crime is obvious, crime is male behavior).  -Marxist (Societies with less social class inequality also have less gender inequality, because male dominance, like other types of discrimination, grows largely out of unequal economic conditions) P a g e 12 | 17 15 [Document title] shaping the reality of crime and the range of collective responses to it  Critical Race Theory - ✓✓✓Focuses on the overrepresentation of marginalized groups in the criminal justice system and racism in its institutions  Deconstruction - ✓✓✓-Form of analysis that exposes unquestioned assumptions and internal contradictions in language and arguments.  -The oft-accepted process of creating social reality by making assumptions and distinctions and imposing them on the world.  -Method of "undoing" constructions by exposing how they are built and why they appear to be real  Conflict Criminology (Max Weber and Georg Simmel) - ✓✓✓Inequality is P a g e 15 | 17 16 [Document title] based on differences; these differences result in the formation of interest groups that struggle with each other for power.  -Three important dimensions of inequality: power represented by party, wealth represented by class, prestige represented by status.  -Conflict occurs when these 3 forms of stratification coincide.  Radical Criminology (Karl Marx) - ✓✓✓The fundamental conflict is economic; the result is a class-divided society, with those in the lower classes being exploited by those in the upper classes.  -Relation of production have been class production.  -The bourgeois own the means of production exploit the proletariat for their labor P a g e 16 | 17 17 [Document title]  Peacemaking Criminology and Restorative Justice Theory - ✓✓✓Challenges the power of the government with the implication that people can solve their own problems and that the state only accentuates power differentials and exacerbates conflict  Radical and conflict theorists are centrally concerned with: - ✓✓✓-Social inequality  -Class differences  -The power used by the ruling class to define what counts as crime and what does not P a g e 17 | 17