Biology Exam 2: Evolutionary Relationships, Traits, and Animal Adaptations, Exams of Biology

Download Biology Exam 2: Evolutionary Relationships, Traits, and Animal Adaptations and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! NAME ____________________________________________ SEC. ________ Biology 452, Summer 2012 Exam 2 (Fish to Squamates) Total Points (50 Max) ________________ Percentage ____________________ 1. (5 pt) Draw a rooted phylogeny that shows the correct evolutionary relationships amongst these living groups: snakes, crocodilians, lizards, turtles, birds & mammals. Draw a circle around the member(s) of the Clade Archosauria. List ONLY ONE shared, derived trait of the Clade Squamata _____________________________________________ 2. (5 pt) Draw a rooted phylogeny that shows the correct evolutionary relationships amongst these living groups: skates, lungfish, ratfish, ray, sturgeon, shark, perch and rockfish. Draw a circle around the member(s) of the Clade Teleostii. List ONLY ONE, shared, derived trait of the Clade Chondrichthyes __________________________________________ 3. (2 pt) Describe the trends in this data set & explain their results. Thermal sensitivity of maximum jump distance (DJ) for striped marsh frogs (Limnodynastes peronii) raised under identical conditions in the lab. Values are means ± S.E.M. Wilson RS. 2001. J Exp Biol. 204, 4227–4236. 4. (2 pt) Describe & explain the data for Leopard frogs. Is there any selectivity of prey based on these data? Speed for a Leopard Frog to reach a prey item placed at various distances at 0◦ (front) and 90◦(side) angles to the frog. Dudkin EA, et al. 2011. Behavioural Processes 86:138–142. 5. (2 pt) Which of these taxa have the highest frictional drag? Which of these are “thunniform” swimmers? How do these groups compare in relative proportion of red muscle & endurance swimming ability? Scyliorhinids, Carcharhinids & Lamnids are families of modern sharks. Chaohusaurus, Mixosaurus & Stenopterygius are fossil ichthyosaurs (“marine reptiles”) that lived during the Mesozoic. 6. (2 pt) Compare the chameleon’s color changes in response to snake vs bird predators with regard to the color perception of those predators. The solid & dashed lines were added to aid the author’s comparisons; the lines were not produced by the experiment. Color responses of chameleons to 2 predators measured as their contrast against the background in units of JNDs (just noticeable differences), relative to the visual system of each predator. Lower values indicate greater camouflage. Squares, bird vision, triangles, snake vision. Bars represent standard errors around the means. Stuart-Fox D, Moussalli A, & Whiting MJ. 2008. Biol. Lett. 4:326-329. NAME ____________________________________________ SEC. ________ 15. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 lines to show the metabolic rates of a similarly sized, terrestrial ectotherm (C) & an endotherm (N) across this temperature range: 15 deg. C 25 deg. C 30 deg. C 16. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 lines to show the effect of lipids (L) in skin & location in natal nest (N) on survivorship of hatchling Painted Turtles Low Survivorship at -5 deg. C High 17. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 lines to compare the max. attachment force (F) of a gecko’s toes & the angle (A) needed for it to detach its toes. Small Toe Lamellar Surface Area Large 18 (2 pt) Draw & label 2 lines to compare the degree of cranial (C) kinesis (skull movement) & max. bite force (F) in these taxa. Snapping Turtle Gecko Snake High / 60 deg. Attachment Force Detachment angle 30 deg. Low / 0 deg. High Metabolic rate Low High / Strong Cranial Kinesis Max. Bite Force Low / Weak High / Edge (nearest soil) Concentration of Lipids Location in Natal Nest Low / Center (far from soil) 19. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 lines to show toe (T) pad surface area and detachment (D) angle of the toes with body size in tree frogs. Small Body Size of Tree Frog Large 20. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 lines to show the probable red muscle (R) % in the legs & shell shapes (S) of Emydid turtles vs swim speed. Slow Max. Speed in Water Fast 21. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 lines to show the auditory thresholds (min. dB (decibels)) for a snake (S) & a mammal (M) at these frequencies. 200 Hz 2000 Hz 20,000 Hz 22. (2 pt) Draw & label 2 lines to show the relative acuity of vision (V) and olfaction (O) across these groups: Gecko Episquamates Snakes High % / High Domed % of Red Muscle in legs Shell Shape Low % / Stream-lined High / > 120 deg. Toe Pad Surface Area Detachment Angle of Toe Low / < 90 deg. High (Loud) Decibels (dB) Threshold Low (Soft) High /Acute Visual Acuity & Color Perception Olfactory Acuity Low /Poor