Class 10th history chapter 1, Study notes of History

Download Class 10th history chapter 1 and more Study notes History in PDF only on Docsity! Page 1 of 11 PARALLEL CLASSES CLASS-10 (HISTORY) CHAPTER-1 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE  Frederic Sorrieu He was a French artist famous for prints prepared in 1848 that visualized the dream of a world consisting of Democratic and Social Republics.  Nationalism A feeling of oneness with the society or the state, love and devotion for the motherland and belief in the political identity of one’s country are the basic attributes of nationalism.  Nation State A state that establishes itself as a separate political and geographical entity and functions as a complete and sovereign territorial unit. This concept emerged in 19th century Europe as a result of the growth of nationalism.  Modern State A state in which sovereignty is exercised by a centralized power over a specific territory and population.  Absolutist Government A system of government wherein limitless powers are vested in a single person or body. It is a monarchical form of government in which the ruler is the absolute authority and is not answerable to anybody.  French Revolution (1789) It marks the beginning of nationalism. Salient features of the French Revolution were:  France was under absolute monarchy in 1789.  The Revolution transferred the sovereignty from the monarch to the French people.  Ideas of La patrie (the fatherhood) and Le citoyen (the citizen) adopted.  New French Flag, the tricolour, adopted replacing the royal standard.  Estates General elected by citizens and renamed the National Assembly.  A centralized political system established.  Internal custom dues abolished.  Uniform weights and measures adopted. Page 2 of 11 PARALLEL CLASSES  French became the language of the nation.  French armies moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy in the 1790s with a promise of liberating the people from their despotic rulers.  Napoleon (1769-1821)  Ruled France from 1799 to 1815.  Assumed absolute powers in 1799 by becoming the First Consul.  Civil Code/Napoleonic Code (1804)  Established equality before law.  Abolished all privileges based on birth.  Granted the right to property to French citizens.  Simplified administrative divisions.  Abolished feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom.  Removed restrictions on guilds in towns.  Improved transport and communication.  Militarily, Napoleon proved to be an oppressor for the people of the conquered territories. Taxation and censorship were imposed and military services were made mandatory.  Europe in the mid-18th Century  No nation states because Europeans never saw themselves as sharing a common identity or culture. E.g., The Habsburg Empire of Austria–Hungary comprised French, Italian and German-speaking people.  Europe was broadly divided into two classes during this period namely: Aristocracy  The land owning class.  Numerically small, but dominated Europe, both socially and politically.  Spoke French which was considered the language of the high society.  Families were connected through marriage. Peasantry  Tenants and small land owners who worked as serfs.  Cultivated the lands of the aristocratic lords.  The growth of trade and industrial production facilitated the growth of towns and rise of a commercial class of traders. Consequently, the new conscious, educated, liberal middle Page 5 of 11 PARALLEL CLASSES  Most vociferous enemy of monarchical form of government and conservative regimes.  Metternich described him as “The most dangerous enemy of our social order”.  The Age of Revolutions (1830-1848)  The consolidation of power by the conservative regime made liberalism and nationalism associated with revolution in many regions of Europe.  Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland experienced such revolutions.  The revolutionaries comprised professors, school teachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle class.  July Revolution, France (1830)  The Bourbon Kings, coronated after the Vienna Congress of 1815 were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.  Louis Philippe was installed as a constitutional monarch.  Belgium broke away from the United Kingdom of Netherlands.  Greek Revolution (1830)  Greek War of Independence  Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire since 15th century.  Growth of nationalism in Europe started Greek‟s struggle for independence from the Ottoman rule in 1821.  Support from West European countries.  Poets and artists, who were inspired by the ancient Greek culture and literature, also supported the revolution. E.g., Lord Byron, the famous English Poet.  1832: The Treaty of Constantinople recognized Greece as an independent nation.  Romanticism (1830s) A cultural movement that rejected science and reason and introduced heart and emotions. The concern of the romantics was to create a sense of shared collective heritage and a common cultural past for arousing nationalism.  German philosopher and romanticist Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) believed that true German culture can be discovered only among common people (das volk) through their practice of flock traditions. Page 6 of 11 PARALLEL CLASSES  Emphasized on vernacular languages and folklore for conveying their ideas to illiterate masses.  Nationalistic Feeling (1830s) The sense of recognizing the society and nation as “we” and the sharing of many traits by its members. Culture with art and poetry, stories and music played a major role in the shaping and expression of nationalistic feelings and nation.  Economic Condition of Europe after 1830  Great economic hardships were experienced in Europe.  The ratio of the rise of population was larger than that of employment generation.  Migration of rural population to cities led to overcrowded slums.  Small producers in towns (especially textile producing industries) were often ousted by the import of cheap machine-made goods from England.  Peasants still suffered under the burden of feudal dues and obligations in some regions of Europe.  Rise in food prices or a year of bad harvest left the country poorer.  1848, France  Widespread food shortages and widespread unemployment experienced in Paris.  Barricades were made and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.  National Assembly proclaimed a Republic.  Suffrage to all males above 21 was granted.  The right to work was guaranteed.  National workshops for providing employment were set up.  1845, Silesia  Weavers revolted against contractors for the drastic reduction in their payments.  This revolution received scorns and threats alternately and resulted in the death of eleven weavers.  1848: The Revolution of the Liberals  A revolution led by the educated middle classes.  Germany, 1848  Large number of political associations whose members were professionals, Page 7 of 11 PARALLEL CLASSES businessmen and prosperous artisans decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly in Frankfurt.  18th May 1848: 831 elected representatives marched to take their places in the Frankfurt Parliament.  They drafted a Constitution for a German nation based on constitutional monarchy.  Their demands were rejected by the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV as he opposed the elected assembly along with the other monarchs.  The parliament functioned to evade the larger interests of the workers and artisans as it was largely dominated by middle class members.  Ultimately, troops forcibly disbanded the assembly.  Liberal Movement and Women Rights  In spite of all these efforts by the women, they still were only allowed to observe the functioning of the Frankfurt parliament.  Women opposed this by founding newspapers, forming political associations and organizing public meetings and organizations.  They were denied the right to vote.  Consequences of Liberal Movement  Liberal movements were crushed by the powerful conservative forces. However, old order could not be restored.  Monarchs realized the importance of granting concessions to the liberal nationalist revolutionaries for preventing unrest in the society.  Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in Habsburg dominions and in Russia.  Hungarians were granted more autonomy in 1867.  Unification of Germany (1866-1871)  In 1848, middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation state under an elected parliament.  In Prussia, nation building acts were repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military and were supported by the landowners (“Junkers”). Page 10 of 11 PARALLEL CLASSES Sword Readiness to fight Olive branch around the sword Willingness to make peace Rays of the rising sun Beginning of a new era Black, red and gold tricolour Flag of the liberal nationalists  Nationalism and Imperialism  Nationalism culminated into imperialism in the last quarter of the 19th century.  The Balkans in Europe after 1871  The Balkans comprised modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro.  The disintegration of the ruling Ottoman Empire and the spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism made this area explosive.  The European subject nationalities started breaking from its control to declare independence.  The Balkan revolutionaries‟ acts were directed to gain back the long-lost independence.  The Balkan States were fiercely jealous of each other and wanted to gain more territory at the expense of the other.  There was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade, colonies, naval might and military might. European powers such as Russia, Germany, England and Austro-Hungary were keen on opposing the hold of other powers over the Balkans for extending their own area of control.  All these events ultimately triggered the First World War (1914).  Nationalism stained with imperialism led Europe to disaster.  Many colonized countries in the world started to oppose imperial domination.  The anti-imperialist movements developed as nationalist movements. Some Important Dates: - Page 11 of 11 PARALLEL CLASSES DATES HAPPENINGS 1785 & 1786 Grimm Brothers Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm were born 1789 First clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution 1797 Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic wars begin 1804 Civil Code or Napoleonic Code removed all privileges based on birth & established equality 1807 Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini became the member of the secret societies of the of the Carbonari 1812 Grimm brothers published their first collection of tales 1813 Napoleon lost the battle of Leipzig 1814-1815 Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement 1815 Defeat of Napoleon by Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria 1821 Greek struggle for independence begins 1821 Nationalism sparked off amongst the Greeks July 1830 First upheaval took place in France 1831 Giuseppe Mazzini was sent to exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria 1831 An armed rebellion took place against Russian rule 1832 Treaty of Constantinople recognised Greece as an independent nation 1833 Founding of Young Europe in Berne 1834 A Customs Union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia 1845 Weavers in Silesia led a revolt against contractors 1848 French artist named Frédéric Sorrieu prepared a series of fourprints visualising 'Democratic and social Republics' Revolutions in Europe; artisans, industrial workers and peasants revolt 1848 against economic hardships; middle classes demand constitutions and representative governments; Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, Czechs, etc. demand nation-states 18 May 1848 1859 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament Tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia- Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces 1859-1870 Unification of Italy 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy 1866-1871 Unification of Germany 1867 Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians January 1871 Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at held at Versailles 1905 Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires