Download Chemistry Exam Outline: Amines, Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, Esters, Amides (Spring 2010) - and more Study notes Organic Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! Exam 2 Outline CH 105 Spring 2010 You need to bring a pencil and your ACT card. ALL other materials must be left at the front of the classroom in an unsecured area. ALL cell phones must be turned off during exam. Chapter 15: Amines 1. Derivatives of NH3 where 1-3 Hs are replaced with alkyl grps 2. Classification a. Primary = 1 carbon grp on N b. Secondary = 2 carbon grps on N c. Tertiary = 3 carbon grps on N d. Quaternary ammonium ion = 4 carbon grps and + charge on N 3. Nomenclature a. List names of alkyl grps before “amine” b. Phenylamine = aniline 4. Properties a. Primary and secondary amines are good hydrogen bonding grps (but not as good as OH) i. Tertiary amines do not have a hydrogen to donate to a hydrogen bond ii. Amines with ≤5 carbons are soluble in water b. Amines are weak bases in water c. Amines react with strong acids to form ammonium salts (for example: CH3NH2 + HCl → CH3NH3 + Cl–) d. Ammonium salts are much more water-soluble than the starting amines Chapter 16: Aldehydes and Ketones 1. Names of aldehydes and ketones a. For aldehydes, replace –e with –al b. For ketones, replace –e with –one and use number to indicate position of carbonyl group 2. Reactions of aldehydes and ketones a. oxidation of aldehydes i. Aldehydes are oxidized to carboxylic acids ii. Reagents that oxidize aldehydes 1. Tollen’s: Ag+ is reduced to Ag (“silver mirror”) 2. Benedict’s: Cu2+ (blue) is reduced to Cu+ (Cu2O = red solid) 3. Reactions do not occur with other functional groups (such as ketones) and thus serve as analytical tests for the presence of aldehydes b. reductions of aldehydes and ketones i. aldehydes give 1° alcohols ii. ketones give 2° alcohols 3. Draw the structural formulas of hemiacetals and acetals produced from the addition of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. a. Aldehydes and ketones will react (addition) with one molecules of an alcohol to form hemiacetals (usually equilibrium favors aldehyde/ketone). b. Aldehydes and ketones will react (addition + substitution) with two molecules of an alcohol to form acetals (these are stable products). a. Acetals can react with water + acid catalyst to reform aldehyde/ketone. Chapter 16: Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides 1. Carboxylic acids a. Carboxylic acids are named as usual, replacing the “–e” of the parent chain name with “–oic acid”. b. Know common names i. HCO2H = formic acid ii. CH3CO2H = acetic acid iii. C6H5CO2H = benzoic acid c. Describe the solubility and boiling points of carboxylic acids. i. Carboxylic acids with 1-4 carbons are very soluble in water (hydrogen bonding). ii. Long chain carboxylic acids are not water-soluble because of hydrophobicity of alkyl chain. iii. Boiling points of carboxylic acids are high because of high polarity and good hydrogen bonding abilities. d. Ionization of carboxylic acids in water. i. Carboxylic acids are weak acids in water. ii. RCOOH + H2O → RCOO – + H3O + iii. Typical Ka ≈ 10-5 e. Neutralization of carboxylic acids by reaction with strong bases (NaOH) i. Produces salt and water ii. RCOOH + NaOH → RCOO– Na+ + H2O iii. Name of salt is cation + name of carboxylic acid (replacing “–ic acid” with “–ate”. 1. Formic acid + NaOH → sodium formate 2. Propanoic acid + KOH → potassium propanoate
