Understanding Biological Classification and the Structure of Cells, Slides of Biology

Download Understanding Biological Classification and the Structure of Cells and more Slides Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Classifying nature (Chapter 6) Docsity.com living things are alike • Common Characteristics like: • Cells • Tissues • Organs Docsity.com ƒ1-2 Chapter 1 5 levels Of BiOlOgiCal OrganizatiOn ii Tissue Nervous Tissue Brain Nervous System Pronghorn Antelope Organ Organ System Organismal Docsity.com ƒ1-2 Chapter 1 6 levels Of BiOlOgiCal OrganizatiOn iii Population Herd of Pronghorns Hawk Water Earth’s surface Community Ecosystem Biosphere Pronghorns Hawk Grass Pronghorns Snake Bushes Soil Air Snake Docsity.com hOw dO we fit in? • Where do we fit in the classification of all organisms? • What is a classification? • Why be classified? • We are in the Kingdom Animalia and are Mammals! Docsity.com there are twO majOr types Of Cells 1. Prokaryotic 2. Eukaryotic • The eukaryotic cell is more complex and contains organelles • The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is contained in the nucleus Nucleus (contains DNA) Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell DNA (no nucleus) Organelles Docsity.com Figure 6.2 BiOlOgiCal evOlutiOn • First true cells were prokaryotic. – Eukaryotic cells evolved later, followed by the other kingdoms. Biological evolution is a change in life forms that has taken place in the past and will take place in the future. Adaptation is a characteristic that makes an organism able to survive and reproduce in an environment. Docsity.com cytoplasm plasma ribosomes membrane single chromosome cell wall Box 6-2a (1) Biology Today, 3/e (© 2004 Garland Science) ® Docsity.com COmpOnents Of a Cell • Nucleus--contained within a cell by nuclear envelope. The nucleus contains DNA. • Ribosomes--these structures make protein. • Endoplasmic Reticulum--this is a membrane network composed RER--rough has ribosomes makes proteins, and SER--smooth makes lipids. • Golgi Apparatus--modifies proteins involved in secretion. • Endomembrane system--Composed of nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes and Vesicles, these organelles all work together to make protein sorting and protein secretion possible. Docsity.com mitOChOndria are nOt part Of the endOmemBrane system • Contains its own genetic material • Has 37 genes • Directly passed on by your mother • Does not change Docsity.com COmpOnents Of a Cell • Mitochondria make most of our ATP! • Mitochondria have a double membrane-- this is required for ATP production. • Mitochondria have highly folded inner membrane called cristae--this is where ATP is made. • Mitochondria perform cellular respiration-- literally cell breathing. Oxygen is used and CO2 is made. ATP is the end result. • Fermentation occurs when there is no oxygen. Docsity.com Golgi apparatus nuclear envelope nucleolus nucleus vesicle _, = aN ribosome lysosome central vacuole endoplasmic reticulum cytoskeletal filaments plasma membrane cell wall starch plastid ; mitochondrion chloroplast plasmodesma & 3) Biology Today, 3/e (© 2004 Garland Science) Docsity.com the ChlOrOplast • Contain their own DNA and protein-synthesizing machinery – Ribosomes, transfer RNAs, nucleotides. – Thought to have evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria. – Divide by fusion – The DNA is in the form of circular chromosomes, like bacteria – DNA replication is independent from DNA replication in the nucleus Docsity.com the ChlOrOplast • Membranes contain chlophyll and it’s associated proteins – Site of photosynthesis • Have inner & outer membranes • 3rd membrane system – Thylakoids • Stack of Thylakoids = Granum • Surrounded by Stroma – Works like mitochondria • During photosynthesis, ATP from stroma provide the energy for the production of sugar molecules Docsity.com the plant Cell wall • The plant cell wall is a layer of structural material external to the protoplast, built from polysaccharides and proteins. • The wall contains components for signaling and communication by symplastic continuity through plasmodesmata and maintains molecular connections with the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton Docsity.com the plant Cell wall • The cell wall is the organelle that ultimately controls the shape of plant cells and consequently of organs and whole organisms. • It is sometimes naturally strengthened and made considerably more resistant to such abuses as pathogen infection by the release of specific oligosaccharides and enzymes and by overlaying or impregnation with cutin, suberin, waxes or silica Docsity.com summary • Classification is based on similarities and evolutionary history • Prokaryotic cells – Have no organelles – No nucleus – one single chromosome • Eukaryotic cells – Many organelles – Large complex genome containing many chromosomes Docsity.com