clinical psychology test 1 ch 1-5, Exams of Psychology

Download clinical psychology test 1 ch 1-5 and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! clinical psychology test 1 ch 1-5 Definition of clinical psychology. - Resnick's definition (1991): the field of clinical psychology involve research teaching and services to alleviate intellectual, emotional, behavioral, psychological, social and biological maladjustments. Clinical psychology engage in assessment (diagnosis0 and treatments. The psychiatrists - trained in medical profession, a psychiatrist primary used the medical model in diagnosis and treatment of patients or clients. The counseling psychologist: - a counseling psychologist usually works with normal or moderately mal-adjusted person. They use both interview and testing and works in counseling centers, recently they have become less interested in vocation or career counseling and more interested in private practice. The school psychologist - such persons work with educators to improve the intellectual, social, and emotional growth of school children The rehabilitation psychologists - their focus is on people who are physically or cognitively disabled. They usually work in rehabilitation center or institutes or hospitals. The health psychologist - they are involved in the presentation and treatment of illnesses, usually before problems begin. Psychiatric nurses - these persons usually work in a hospital, managing the patient;s treatment plans. The paraprofessionals - these persons are trained to assist professional mental health workers, even though they may not have a degree in the field. Mental health consolers - these persons usually have a master's degree in counseling or psychology and require a license to practice. Psychotherapy - this is the most frequently engaged activity involving individuals, groups, couple, etc. Diagnosis/assessment - diagnosis refers to labeling and illness. Assessment may include observation interview or testing. Psychological testing was the chief function for many years. Teaching - clinical psychologists hold full or part-time academic positions. They teach various courses on both graduate and undergraduate levels. Clinical supervision - this process involves one to one teaching and supervising Research - an increase interest in research is noted over the years. Consultation - forms and setting for consultation vary, extending from clinical cases to business matter, personnel, etc. Administration - clinical psychologist serve on various committees or head psychology departments or school, etc. Employment sites - Private practice has grown over the years and s the most frequent employment setting for clinical psychology. University setting follow next Art or science - the focus of clinical psychology is on individual differences. The nomethetic approach - refers to understanding general principles of behavior of people. The idiographic approach - refers to understanding individual differences. Clinical judgment - usually based not he colonial's subjective or intuitive awareness. The art should be complemented with the science in the practice of clinical psychology. Training toward a clinical identity - the training of clinic psychology involves five years of graduate work after the bachelor's degree. However the number of person with master;s degree is fast growing. The American psychological association (APA) - insists on a doctor degree as a pre-request of being called a clinical psychologist. However, Master's level practitioners are attractive alternative, especially mental health counselors. Clinical training programs - the philosophy in clinical psychology training is still the scientist-practitioner mode Each school has its own flavor. Some are cognitive-behaviorally oriented. Some have psychodynamic orientation, etc. Course work - proposed client. centered therapy in 1942 as an alternate to psychoanalysis. Newer forms of therapy - Dredrick PrEls (gestalt therapy), Frankel (logotheraphy) and Albert Ellis (1962 rational emotional therapy) B.F Skinner - Behavior therapy Wolpe (1958) - proposed behavior modification and systematic desensitization. Bandura (1969) - proposed modeling Wilhelm Wundt - 1879, established the first formal psychological laboratory in Leipzig Germany. ( father of psytick psychology). Pavlov - researched with classical conditioning, Terman - continued Binet's work in development of intelligence test. Rogers and Wolpe - Research in therapy was conducted by Legthtner Whitmer - (father of clinical psychology) established the first psychological clinic to treat children with learning problems or disruptive behavior. Morton Prince - published the Journal of Abnormal Psychology Bouler Conference - provided the scientist - practitioner model for training clinical psychologists. Behavior - the focal point of study. American psychological society - founded in 1988. scientist-practitioner model - the boulder vision was a union between the art of clinical intuition and logical empiricism of science. It is true that practicing clinicians do not do much research due to work setting limitations. Despite much debate, the Boulder model is durable and respected. At present some clinical psychologists are primarily interested in clinical practice. The doctor of psychology (psy. D) Degree. - This program emphasizes clinical skills and deemphasizes research competency. No original thesis is required. The first of these programs appear in 1968. The program emphasizes assessment and therapeutic models. In 1993, 25% of all doctorates in psychology were Psy.D. They find clinical position easier than academic jobs. Professional school - A Psy.D model presents a clear break with tradition. Another innovation is the development of professional schools. They are antonymous with no affiliation to graduate school. Most of them emphasize clinical function with little research orientation. In 1993, half of doctorates in psychology were from professional schools and the figure is rising. Most of there schools operate with part-time faculty and most of them are not accredited by APA. Clinical-scientist model - Clinical scientists are individuals who think and function as scientists in every respect and setting in their professional lives. A newly organized academy of Psychological Clinical Science has not been formed various goals. Professional regulations - Professional regulation is a method of attempting to protect the public interest by developing explicit standards of competence for clinical psychology. These follow: ABPP (American Board of Professional Psychology). - The board was stablished in 1947. It offered certification of professional competence in various field after through oral and case examinations. Certification. - This s a weak from of regulation. Usually done by a state board of examiners. At one time certification laws were the best regulations that psychologists could obtain. Licensing. - This is astronomer form of legislation than certification. Most states rewire an examination. Many require continuous education. National register - The register list the practitioners who pay to be listed. Private practice - Many clinicians enter private practice, following a medical model. It may be that because of cost, today's PH.D clinicians will be replaced by tomorrow's master level mental health professionals. INDEPENDENCE & ECONOMICS - Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists are in competition with each other. Insurance companies began to pay for psychological services, which infuriated psychiatrists. To make matters worse, mental health professionals with master's degrees are now the greatest rivals for both psychiatrists and clinical psychologists. THE HEALTH CARE REVOLUTION - The cost of health care has grown dramatically world-wide. Economic control has been taken away from practitioners by insurance companies. The ideal treatment is replaced by whatever treatment is affordable under insurance guidelines. Long term therapy has become short-term therapy. There are several models of managed care. The HMOs and the PPOs are examples. The HMO (Health Maintenance Organization) employs a restricted number of providers to serve those enrolled in the plan. The PPO (Preferred Provider Organization) has contracts with outside providers at a discount rate for their members. As a result, clients are seen fewer times. Treatments are brief. Most changes occur outside treatment. Community resources such as AA (alcoholics anonymous) are used more often. Group training and treatment are used. Masters level practitioners and paraprofessionals are much cheaper for the same services and are attractive to managed care companies. PRESCRIPTION PRIVILEGES - This is a very hot issue these days! Psychologists were told they should not incorporate medical interventions in their treatments. prescription privileges pros - would provide the clinician with a wider variety of treatments and will allow them to treat a wide range of clients. It will be cost effective as well. It would make the clinical psychologist a full- fledged health care professional. prescription privileges cons - It may lead to de-emphasizing on psychological forms of treatment. It would lead to dramatic increases in malpractice liability costs. Implications for Training If privileges are gained, it will impact the training of future clinical psychologists. APA provides the following training levels: - Level 1- Basic Pharmacology Training - one semester Level 2- Collaborative Practice Level 3- Prescription Privileges - two years of training in psychopharmacology. ETHICAL STANDARDS - In 1953, the Ethical Standards of Psychologists (APA) was published with subsequent revisions. These principles guide psychologists' actions: Competence - (know what you are practicing) >Clinicians must always accurately represent their training and competency. Confidentiality - Clinicians must respect and protect the confidentiality of client information. Records can be subpoenaed by courts; hence not all information needs to be kept confidential. Client Welfare - Dual relationships raise ethical questions. Sexual activities with clients are the worst type of client-therapist relationship and the subject of many mal-practice suits. RESEARCH & ETHICS - There are important ethical considerations involving research. Research participants have many rights. The APA has updated the ethical standards in 1992. Following are some of the important issues in connection with ethics in research: Informed Consent - The participants should give their informed consent in writing before starting the research. Confidentiality - The participants' data and responses should be confidential. Code numbers are used to protect anonymity. Deception - Deception is only used when the truth hurts the research. However, participants should later be told the truth, called debriefing. Debriefing - Debriefing involves explaining as to why persons under-went the research and the reasons for the secrecy of the research. .Fraudulent Data - Investigators are under standards of honesty to report their findings and data. Data alteration is absolutely forbidden. Charges of fraud will create legal, professional and ethical problems. A psychopathologists - is a scientist who studies the development of mental disorders as well as their etiology (causes) Statistical infrequency or violation of social norms - statistically, behavior demonstrated by 95% of people is considered normal behavior. The 5% is abnormal. However the agreed upon cut off points are hard to establish. Also cultural relativity is important. What is deviant in one may not be deviant in another. Subjective distress - anxiety, depression and other mental disorders interfering with a person's normal living and work are important indications of abnormality. This is a better way to define abnormal behavior. However sometimes persons with no personal distress show abnormal behaviors, such as anti-sic personalities. Disability or dysfunction - abnormal behavior causes social or occupational problems for a person. However it is hard to establish standards for social or occupational dysfunctions. Its is important to note that abnormal behavior does not always indicate mental illness. The best example are the behaviors of genius and creative persons. Mental illness - mental illness is also difficult to define. However, the definition provided by DSM-IV(1994) is currently acceptable to most clinicians. (see textbook) A group or cluster of abnormal behavior is referred to as syndrome Symptoms - sign or signs of an illness Etiology - cause or causes of an illness, which usually are biological, psychological or sociological. Diagnosis - to label an illness Treatment - methods of intervention to remove abnormal behavior which include medical (biological) and psychological. Prognosis - the outcome of illness, whether it will be favorable, unfavorable, or guarded. The importance of diagnosis - 4 major advantages in providing a diagnosis for mental illness. They are: Diagnosis facilitates communication purposes. For example, paranoid schizophrenia conveys a great deal of information about this illness. Use a diagnosis enable empirical research in psychopathology. Research regarding etiology is difficult without a standardized diagnostic system. Diagnosis suggests what method of treatment should be applied DSM-IV-TR - AXIS I - clinical disorders or other conditions that mea be a focus of clinical attentions. AXIS II - personality disorders and mental retardation AXIS III - general medical conditions that are relate to individuals mental disorder AXIS IV AXIS V Based on categorization - the difference between normal behavior and abnormal behavior is on of degree rather than kind. Still clinical tend to categorize and place people in categories Pragmatics of classification - classification system such as DSM are crafted by various committees, mostly medically oriented, whose works reflect a compromise acceptable to various professions. Description - DSM-IC provides descriptions for all the five axes, especially for AXES I and II. Reliability of classification - reliability involves general agreement among professionals on a specific diagnosis. Structured diagnosis interviews improve reliability of diagnosis. Validity of the classification - validity refers to how accurately a diagnosis reflects the actual illness. Predictive validity of classification is necessary. The issues of bias should be considered. The diathesis-stress model of abnormal behavior. - This model involves the bio psycho social factors contributing to abnormal behavior. Diathesis - refers to a vulnerability or predisposition to developing a disorder. The predispositions can be biological or genetic. It can be psychological such as mal-adaptive personality to cognitive problems. It can be social, related to environmental stress, which can also be biological, psychological or social in nature. Always a combination of the above three factors contribute to the etiology (cause) of abnormal behavior.