clinical psychology test 1., Exams of Psychology

Download clinical psychology test 1. and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! clinical psychology test 1 "moral treatment" - period in american psychiatry began to offer humane care to the mentally ill 4 criteria for psychological services - 1. exact service is described clearly 2. the claimed benefits of the service are stated explicitly 3. the claimed benefits are validated scientifically 4. the positive effects of service are shown to outweigh its possible negative effects 4 major theories - 1. psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theory 2. behavioral and cognitive theories 3. humanistic theories 4. biological theories aaron beck - most influential of theories developed cognitive therapy out of his clinical experience with depressed patients -created negative triad academy of psychological clinical science - 1995, fostered the training of students for careers in clinical science research behavior theory of depression - environment is not reinforcing oneself, loss of contingent reinforcement from instrumental activity behavioral theory - behavior is determined by learning -learning principles cna account for both normal and abnormal behavior -the foundations of behavior are set down by individuals learning history -PAVLOV-dog,classical conditioning -WATSON-baby albert Bio-psycho-social model - genetics may contribute to vulnerability of some disorders, neurological damage to the brain, psychological factors include cognitions, attributions. Social inclues stressful life events, stress, interpersonal functioning general model or approach that posits that biological, psychological and social factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease orillness biological theory of depression - heritability of depression, underlying dysfunction in neuroregulatory processess boulder conference - the first national training conference on clinical psychology, resulted in notion of clinical psychologist as a scientist-practionioner carl rodgers - person centered therapy, innate drive towards self actualization, that in order for growth to happen people needed to have an unconditional positive regard for themselves categorical approach to classification - a system for classifying and describing most mental disorders, DSM 5, highly researched, serves as a common language for clinicians -does NOT classify people, but classifies disorders that people ahve cattell - best known for identifying the dimensions of personality -theorized existence of fluid and crystalized intelligences characteristics of good theories - -Logical and Internal consistency -testable -supported by empirical research -applicable to diverse populations and problems -capable of changing classical conditioning - behavior is cued by antecedent stimuli in the environment clinical psychologists play an important role in... - understanding, treating, and preventing mental health problems clinical significance - is it meaninful in terms of clinical practice? depends on a criterion that has some meaning in relation to the clinical problem cognitive theory of depression - stressful event involving loss interacts with a diathesis -cognitive negative triad(negative thoughts about self, world, and future) -self blame -hopelessness about future cognitive/behavioral theories - cornerstone of the theory is that people are not only affected by the objective world around them but also by their subjective perceptions and interpretations, cognitions can be treated and changed even though you cant directly observe them -aaron beck concurrent validity - degree of association between two measure that are suppose to measure the same construct internalizing - depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, social withdrawl interpersonal theory of depression - social support model social skills model issues in improving classification system - -linking assessment and taxonomy -comorbidity and covariation -developmental patterns and pathways -gender -ethnic diversity kraepelin - he assumed the identification and classification of specific psychological disorders was necessary in order to determine the particular cause of each "syndromes" dementia praecox lightner witmer - thought that methods of clinical psychology are necessarily involved whenever the status of an individual mind is determined by observation and experiment, pedagogical(training) treatment, applied to affect change -the idea that scientific psychology in its rigorous experimental sense, can be useful in helping people RESEARCH Oriented maslow - need hierarcy, starts with physiological needs and ends with self actualization meehl - statistical prediction better than clinical judgment mesmer - credited with having invented hypnotism with which his name has become synonymous null hypothesis - states that there is no difference between the population means object relations-bowlby - infant is born ready and wired for human interaction, infants subsequent development and emotional security is basedon the availability and quality of theinfants attachment figures operant conditioning - behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences parismony - the best explanation is always the simplest, theory will only include what is necessary and sufficient. phenomenological theory - behavior is determined by an individuals unique experience, self actualization and its frustration lead to normal and abnormal behavior, behavior at any given point in time results in individual striving for personal growth, predictive validity - association between measure and some future prediction prepared learning - biologically prepared to fear some things and not others prevalence - number of cases in the population for a specified time such as liftime prevalence or 12 month prevalence psychoanalytic theory - freud, behavior is determined by intra-psychic conflicts that are frequently unconscious -erickson-psychosocial stages -Bowlby-object relations psychoanalytic theory of depression - internalization of other, excessive dependency of other, losss of other, anger at loss of other, anger is directed toward self, guilt over anger towards other psychogenic disease - is a set of symptoms or complaints often result from mental or emotional conflict. psychogenic hypothesis - mental illness caused by psychological problems psychosocial stages - stage theory of development, interested in how conscious aspects of the ego develope through socialization and cluture reliability - conistency of measurement role of research in clinical psych - provide foundation of knowledge in areas relevant to the field of clinical psych, a body of evience to guide clinical practice, a means for testing the validity of observations made by clinical psychologists in their practice shakow report - first apa standards for training clinical psychologists -professionals -phd level -third year of training should consist of internship -final year dissertation related single case designs - uses scientific, experiment design so different than case study, set of methods developed in behavioral psychology to study individual cases in controlled manner social learning theory - bandura, ways of behaving are learned by observing others -bobo doll social skills model - individual lacks social skills, difficulty maintain sociall appropriate interactions social support model - social support important bugger against psychological stress, social skill deficits leads to depression somatogenisis - belief that mental illness is caused by medical problems statistical significance - probability that observed findings did NOT occur by chance tarantism - nervous disorder characterized by an uncontrollable impulse to dance test retest reliability - stability of responses the research process - 1. generating hypothesis 2. measuring key variables 3. selecting a research design 4. selecting a sample 5. hypothesis testing 6. interpretation and disseminatino of results theory - set of interrelated constructs, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifiying relations among variables with the purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena validity - the truth, it is measuring what it says it is measuring why do we need theorys? - to provide structure