Preventing Crime: Police, Frameworks, and Targeted Programs, Exams of Computer Security

Download Preventing Crime: Police, Frameworks, and Targeted Programs and more Exams Computer Security in PDF only on Docsity! CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers Attempts to prevent crime by changing specific conditions in the environment are the objective of ............... - correct answer secondary crime prevention programmes. Which country focused on social and community development programmes to prevent crime? - correct answer USA What aspects are considered as important elements of successful crime prevention? - correct answer 1 a multidimensional approach 2 a theoretical frame of reference 3 government and community involvement What is the reason/s that a comprehensive crime prevention policy does not form part of the socioeconomic policies of African countries in the field of crime prevention? - correct answer poverty and uneducated people What is/are the criterion/criteria used to determine whether a programme is successful in preventing crime on a global scale? - correct answer the fear of crime has diminished and there is the feeling that crime is under control CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers What is one of the main problems in applying the biophysical prevention model in a country like South Africa? - correct answer basic medical services are insufficient On which factor does the psychological prevention model focus in preventing criminal behaviour? - correct answer people's inner needs and deviations What is/are the basic treatment techniques used by the psychological prevention model? - correct answer psychotherapy A combination of which treatment programmes is usually employed and regarded as successful? - correct answer biomedical, psychological and social Which factor is regarded by Shoemaker (1984) as the main reason for criminal CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers (+) People who feel unsafe because of crime in their neighbourhood become less productive and experience anxiety and stress. (+) Fear of crime makes people reluctant to help the victims of crime. (+) lose confidence in the police, the courts, and the ability of the state to maintain law and order. (+) suffer serious injuries and financial losses as a result of medical expenses and absence from work. (+) Crime reduces investment in the country and slows economic development. (+) inter alia - correct answer among other things. Tuck defines crime prevention as - correct answer all actions intended to attempt to prevent crime which do not involve the criminal justice system. Van Dijk and De Waard define crime prevention - correct answer the total of all private initiatives and state policies, other than the enforcement of criminal law, CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers aimed at the reduction of damage caused by acts defined as criminal by the state''. crime prevention - correct answer all the methods and strategies applied by the state on the national or local level, trade and industry, and communities and individuals in order to prevent, reduce or control the extent or persistence of crime and victimhood crime control - correct answer steps taken by the police, the courts and the department of correctional services after a crime has been committed Louw defines crime prevention - correct answer as attempts to identify and where possible reduce the causes of and opportunities for specific crimes, as well as apply the law and reduce the fear of crime. Department of Safety and Security's 1998 draft White Paper defined crime prevention - correct answer as all activities which reduce, deter or CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers prevent the occurrence of specific crimes, (+) firstly by altering the environment in which they occur, (+) secondly by changing the conditions which are thought to cause them (+) thirdly by providing a strong deterrent in the form of an effective criminal justice system Primary crime prevention - correct answer focuses on the physical and social and other factors which increase or decrease the opportunities for crime, such as environmental design, poverty and deprivation, and natural forms of security and community activities. The objective here of intervention is to alter those conditions before crime can occur. Secondary crime prevention - correct answer focuses on individuals or groups in danger of becoming criminals. Attempts are made by specific interventions to prevent them from lapsing into crime, include improving the educational levels achieved by young people, family therapy for families at risk, individual therapy and combating unemployment Tertiary crime prevention - correct answer focuses on individuals who have already got criminal records, in order to prevent them from doing CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers (c) Dealing with specific crime problems (d) Help for the victims of crime and reducing the fear of crime Programmes by the Comprehensive social crime prevention policy for Dealing with the basic causes of crime - correct answer (+) family support programmes (+) youth programmes (+) community development programmes and neighbourhood actions (+) preschool programmes (+) alcohol and drug abuse programmes (+) educational and school-based programmes (+) assistance programmes for offenders and their families (+) job creation and vocational training programmes (+) guidance and life skills programmes Programmes by the Comprehensive social crime prevention policy for Reducing the opportunities for crime - correct answer (+) improved security measures in homes, public buildings and businesses (+) adequate lighting of streets and public areas CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers (+) improved security and design of residential areas, city centres and parking areas (+) safety measures for managing licensed premises (bars, nightclubs, etc) (+) good management and delivery of local services (+) adequate preventive patrolling by state and private bodies Programmes by the Comprehensive social crime prevention policy for Dealing with specific crime problems - correct answer (+) such as housebreaking, family violence, car theft, racist crimes, crimes against children and old people Programmes by the Comprehensive social crime prevention policy for Help for the victims of crime and reducing the fear of crime - correct answer (+) victim support services (+) self-defence actions (+) positive publicity for successful actions To render prevention measures successfully and guarantee sustainability all prevention programmes CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers should be - correct answer (+) be properly planned, (+) prepared, (+) implemented (+) analysed (+) cost-effective. aspects to be taken into account when planning any crime prevention programme: - correct answer (+) socioeconomic, political and cultural context and circumstances of the community (+) the community's developmental stage, with particular reference to any changes which are or might some day be taking place (+) the special traditions and customs of the community steps for crime prevention proposed by Pease - correct answer (+) collecting information about the crime problem, (+) analysing the data and establishing the risk of crime, (+) designing the programme in cooperation with all roleplayers, (+) implementing the programme, CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers successful planning and implementation of crime prevention Phase 3: Implement and manage the strategy - correct answer (+) Develop programmes with specific aims, time schedules and budgets. (+) Be sure that there is enough money available for managing the programmes. successful planning and implementation of crime prevention Phase 4: Monitor and evaluate - correct answer (+) Check that you have budgeted for the monitoring and evaluation of the programmes. (+) Check that the programmes' objectives are clearly stated. (+) Identify specific techniques for evaluating the success of the programmes. (+) Decide on a time frame within which the evaluation must take place. aspects of importance for successful crime prevention: - correct answer (+) a multidimensional approach which takes into account all levels of crime prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers (+) a theoretical assumption on which the crime prevention programme is based (+) consideration of the unique socioeconomic conditions and crime patterns in a specific country or social environment (+) state and community involvement in the planning, implementation and execution of crime prevention programmes (+) a cost-effective programme (+) guarantee continuous planning and implementation of national prevention policies and programmes (+) improve and streamline policies and programmes in line with new developments in crime and the needs of policing three main ways to prevent crime acc to Shaftoe - correct answer 1 using the criminal justice system (police, courts, prisons, etc) to deter people from committing crime or to remove them from circulation (CJS) 2 reducing the opportunities for crime to occur (SCP) 3 reducing the motivation to offend Types of people in regards to crime - correct answer (+) Self-regulators (+) Rational choosers CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers (+) Outlaws application of the CJS and situational crime prevention (SCP) are only effective for which types of people - correct answer Rational choosers elements of a comprehensive social crime prevention programme - correct answer (+) support for parents before and after childbirth, by health workers (+) parenting skills training and family support, by people trained in developmental psychology (+) good quality nursery and pre-school provision (+) personal, social and moral education in schools (+) adequate play and youth activities (of the type that children and young people want) (+) training and employment for useful or meaningful work (+) supported accommodation for people with particular needs or vulnerabilities (+) help to overcome or reduce the damage caused by alcohol and other drug dependencies (+) mediation and other community-based conflict resolution services CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers factors present where shops had been robbed 3 or more times: - correct answer (+) the vicinity of major or access roads which provided routes for a rapid getaway (+) little traffic on the streets (+) land use patterns and the situation of the shop (+) position in an area with few or no other business premises important differences between high-crime and low-crime areas - correct answer (+) Low-crime areas consist mainly of private residential properties with single-family homes. Development is more homogeneous, private parking facilities and driveways and limited street access. (+) High-crime areas consist mainly of many open spaces, large through-roads, heterogeneous development many business districts, and proximity to low socioeconomic areas. physical milieu prevention model considers crime as - correct answer the outcome of a rational decision, and not really as the consequence of individual or societal problems. CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers emphasis of physical milieu prevention model - correct answer cost-effective physical protection measures like urban and regional planning, strengthening and blocking targets (with burglar-proofing, high boundary walls, etc) and changing human behaviour to prevent victimhood. problems of physical milieu prevention model - correct answer (+) cannot prevent crimes like traffic and sexual offences and organised crime. (+) difficult to implement in areas of underprivileged socioeconomic conditions (+) actual causes of crime are not eliminated. Community-based crime prevention - correct answer (+) does create an impression in potential offenders that they are in danger of being caught in a particular neighbourhood. (+) It includes community organisation, protection and development. (+) entire neighbourhood must cooperate to ensure success. (+) This model enjoys support in developed and developing countries. CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers examples of community-based crime prevention - correct answer are neighbourhood, block and flat watches, civilian patrols, street committees, vigilante groups, safe houses, community policing, alarm systems and telephone networks. criticism of community-based crime prevention - correct answer (+) succeeding in reducing the fear of crime, rather than crime itself, (+) seldom possible to involve the entire community, especially in places where social conditions are poor and people move a lot. (+) vigilantes and street and block committees sometimes tend to take the law into their own hands. general point of departure of the biophysical prevention model - correct answer the early identification and treatment of young people with problem behaviour, in particular, can help to prevent crime. problems with biophysical prevention model - correct answer (+) highly specialised and expensive CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers (+) combines elements of classical criminology theory with rational choice theory (+) solution to crime is to increase the costs, reduce the opportunities to commit crime and increase the likelihood of being apprehended. (+) To reduce opportunities, this perspective is linked to measures that are designed to increase surveillance through police patrols, citizen watch committees, closed circuit cameras and confidential hotlines. (+) emphasises the building of better protection into existing and new buildings, major complexes and residential areas (+) community are "eyes and ears'' of the police mainstream or liberal model of crime prevention - correct answer (+) views crime as a social problem linked to individual deficits and group disadvantages. (+) people, rather than crime control, should be the starting point for change. (+) this perspective views the issue as one of opportunity enhancement for those people who have been in some way disadvantaged with regard to work and school opportunities. (+) main focus of this perspective is "at-risk'' individuals and groups who show a propensity towards criminal behaviour. CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers (+) perspective is to intervene in order to correct the pathology at the heart of the problem. This may take the form of fixing personal problems and/or introducing programmes that look into problems affecting the whole community (+) utilises primarily biological and psychological theories, strain theory; labelling theory (+) the difference between the criminal and the non-criminal is one dictated by biological, psychological and social circumstances. (+) assumes that improving opportunities for individuals and groups means early intervention and concerted efforts to get communities to use their own resources to improve their social and economic conditions. (+) community is seen as a resource in its own right and the idea behind this model is to mobilise community members with a variety of self-help measures (+) model emphasises a community development perspective with respect to crime prevention The radical or conflict model of crime prevention - correct answer (+) sees law and order as an area which deals with political struggle. CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers (+) assumes that crime and criminality are historically and socially constructed and can best be understood as reflecting structural social divisions and inequalities. (+) the Marxist criminological theory; feminist criminological theory and critical criminology (+) key concept of this model is that of fundamental social change, which should address the material wellbeing, social rights and decision-making power of the majority in society. (+) biggest "crime'' is economic inequality and social and economic marginalisation. (+) Crimes are seen to stem from power relations, which favour those who own and control the means of production and thus oversee the overall allocation of community resources. (+) this model favours an approach that challenges the basis of marginalisation, social alienation and market- driven competition (+) main strategies of this model include the reduction of inequality through measures such as redistribution of community resources, reallocation of wealth and the encouragement of social empowerment by democratising all facets of community (+) Community members are seen as crucial agents of social change in their own right. CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers (+) Informal settlements (+) Supporting youth, families and groups at risk (+) Breaking cycles of violence (+) Socioeconomic interventions Khulisa's programmes have an impact on lives and on crime in the following ways: - correct answer (+) Youth who become involved in community-based programmes acquire leadership, communication and conflict resolution skills and learn how to put these newly acquired skills and values into practice. (+) Ex-offenders and at-risk youth learn how to be social entrepreneurs, planning and executing activities that benefit their communities, while also learning certain skills and gaining the experience required to become self-supporting. (+) Some offenders and at-risk youth around South Africa have been trained by Khulisa to serve as peer educators in areas such as substance abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention, contributing to the expansion and sustainability of these programmes. Khulisa Crime Prevention Initiative - correct answer South African programme run by a non- CMY2601- Community Safeguarding and security Questions And Answers profit organisation serving some of the country's most vulnerable members, namely at-risk youth in rural communities and urban settlements, offenders and ex- offenders, crime victims and others.