Co-Designing - Design and Dissemination - Lecture Slides, Slides of Development Economics

Download Co-Designing - Design and Dissemination - Lecture Slides and more Slides Development Economics in PDF only on Docsity! From Appropriate to Green to Sustainable -- Co-Designing /Co-Evolving for Development environment society economy . Docsity.com Back in the days of the 20th century, Western engineering design was comparatively simple: ƒ Technical Criteria ƒ Economic/Financial Criteria (Cost-Benefit Analysis) Technical Financial Docsity.com Environmental Awareness, codified into laws and regulations beginning in the 1960s in the U.S., added another dimension: ƒ Technical ƒ Economic/Financial Criteria (Cost-Benefit Analysis) ƒ Environmental / Green Design Technical Financial Environmental Docsity.com Balance: economic, social, environmental aspects Equity…”meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” - , 1987 widely accepted meanings: Our Common Future “Sustainable development” has 2 Docsity.com “Engineering design for sustainable Financial /Economic * Cost, subsidies, taxes, profitability, etc. •Provides local jobs? •Supports local economies? Technical • Standards and Guidelines • Quality Assurance/Quality Control • Operation and Maintenance • Materials/parts availability Social • Customer satisfaction •Simple/convenient/user friendly • Durable development” framework Docsity.com Co-Designing/Co-evolving for Development (an iterative process) 1. Problem Awareness through Partnership 2. Problem Co- Definition 3. Idea Co- Generation 4. Concept Co-Evaluation 5. Field Experience, Fabrication, Analysis 7. Pilot studies 6. Refined Design (Field and lab testing, multiple sites, multiple countries) 10. Reiteration / Reinvention 9 Scale-up 8. Implementation and sustainable development Experiment, Lab Work, Co-designing/co- evolving equitable Docsity.com (1) Problem Awareness through Partnership Docsity.com Pre-1970s: Surface water for drinking, caused many diseases 1970s: Groundwater was tapped as a safe, pathogen-free alternative for drinking 1980s: Naturally occurring arsenic found in groundwater 1990s: Millions of people found affected, serious disaster Problem Awareness - Arsenic in South Asia Docsity.com • World Health Organization guideline: 10 ppb 25% tubewells >10 ppb (1.7 million people) 8% tubewells >50 ppb (0.5-0.7 million people) • Source: Natural melanosis, keratosis Problem Awareness – Arsenic • Nepali interim guideline: 50 ppb • Nepal Terai Region • Toxicology – Poison – Skin disease such as – Vasular diseases – Cancer to lung, bladder Docsity.com Partners in Nepal • Organization (ENPHO) • Environment and Public Health Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Support Programme (RWSSSP) Docsity.com (2) Problem Co-Definition Docsity.com (3) Idea Co-Generation 8 Arsenic Removal Technologies ƒ (1) 3 Kolshi (in Nepali = 3 Gagri with zero valent iron filings); ƒ (2) Iron filings in jerry can; ƒ (3) Coagulation/Filtration (2-Kolshi based on Chakraborti’s arsenic removal system); ƒ (4) Iron oxide coated sand; ƒ (5) Activated alumina metal oxide #1 (Apyron Inc.); ƒ (6) Activated alumina metal oxide #2 (Aquatic Treatment Systems Inc.); ƒ (7) Arsenic treatment plant; ƒ (8) KanchanTM Arsenic Filter Docsity.com Three-Kolshi (Gagri) System Raw water Iron filings Fine sand Filtered water Docsity.com Jerry Can 1. Fill 10 L plastic jug with raw water. 2. Add iron filings 3. Wait 3 hours 4. Decant treated water Docsity.com Activated Alumina Metal Oxide #1 Influent EffluentGAC Sand Alumina Raw Water Treated Water (Apyron Aqua-Bind Media) Activated Docsity.com Raw Water Alumina Manganese Oxide (A/M) Treated Water Activated Alumina Metal Oxide #2 (Aquatic Treatment Systems, Inc.) Docsity.com Arsenic Treatment Plants (ATPs) Aeration Chamber Sand Filter Storage Treated Water Docsity.com Design Concept Co-Evaluation Matrix (also known as a “Pugh Chart”) Datum Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Evaluation Criteria 3-Kolshi Coagu- lation Activated Alumina Iron- coated Filtra- sand tion Water quality 0 o - 0 Water quantity 0 + + 0 Capital cost 0 + + + O&M cost 0 + + + Local jobs 0 + 0 + User friendly 0 + - + Total 0 +5 +1 +4 Docsity.com (5) Field Experience, Fabrication, Experiment, Lab Work, Analysis Engagement with: • local people and partners, • local environment • the problem and solutions . Docsity.com Stages of Arsenic Mitigation in Nepal 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005+ Field Experience, Fabrication, Experiment, Lab Work , Analysis Refined Design Pilot Studies (Phase I) Pilot Studies (Phase II) Implementation Docsity.com Some Sustainability Design Criteria for MIT H2O-1B Master of Engineering Projects 1. Technical: Meet World Health Organization guidelines for arsenic and microbial removal 2. Social: customer satisfaction, specifically systems acceptable to women who are the typical household managers of water. 3. Financial: affordable to people earning $1/day Docsity.com Phase I Evaluation Summary Technology Technical Social Cost Recommend for Phase II? 3-Kolshi Jerry Can Iron Coated Sand Alumina #1 Alumina #2 2-Kolshi Treatment Plants AKF Docsity.com (7) Pilot Studies Phase II Evaluation Docsity.com KAF Pilot Study Results (n=16) Technical Average Indicators Results Arsenic Removal 93 % Total Coliform 58 % Removal E. Coli Removal 64 % Iron Removal 93 % Flow Rate 14 L/hr Docsity.com Scale-up, Reiteration, Reinvention KanchanTM Arsenic Filter (KAF) (8 – 10) Implementation, Docsity.com KanchanTM Arsenic Filter removal materials technicians (15L/hr) on improvement on the Biosand Filter • Intended for arsenic and bacteria • Constructed with easily available local • Manufactured by trained local • Adequate flow rate for a large family • No chemical additives • No replacement parts except iron nails • Easy to operate and clean • Developed in Nepal and at MIT based Docsity.com 2. Researched and developed the Gem505 Design Æ better performance, lower cost, improved acceptance Major Accomplishments Concrete Square (2002) Concrete Round (2003) Plastic Hilltake (2003) Plastic Gem505 (2004) Docsity.com 3. Train 15 local entrepreneurs from arsenic- affected districts on filter construction, troubleshooting, water testing Selected based on SOA2003 and Nepal Census 2001 data including: 4. health, water information Major Accomplishments • Population affected • GPS mapping • Vulnerability • Household income • Arsenic awareness level • Literacy level • Health statistics Conduct workshops to 30 VDCs and 178 wards on management, treatment options, and filter Docsity.com Location of Entrepreneurs (NASC and ENPHO, 2004) Courtesy of ENPHO. Used with permission. Docsity.com Project Findings Docsity.com Preliminary User Survey Results 0%22.5%77.5% after drinking filtered water 0%11.1%89.9%Smell of filtered water 0%5.0%95.0%Taste of filtered water 0.2%6.9%92.8%Appearance of filtered water WorseSameBetter --- 42.3% --- 8.3% Partially 17.5%82.5% 7.4%50.2% 26.4%73.6% 6.3%85.3% NoYes Users’ perceived health conditions Preliminary results (n= 424) as of Jan 31, 2005 Users will recommend filter to others Users can operate the filter correctly Users think filter operation is easy Filter still in operation after 1 year Docsity.com 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 500 5 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 450 8 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 400 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 350 3 1 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 250 2 1 2 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 200 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 150 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 100 8 3 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 90 6 3 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 80 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 70 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 60 5 2 1 0 0 50 5 2 0 0 0 40 2 0 0 0 30 17 0 0 0 20 44 1 0 10 12 0 ND 189 In flu en t A rs en ic C on ce nt ra tio n (u g/ L) Unacceptable Acceptable Figure indicates number of filters KanchanTM Arsenic Filter Monitoring Arsenic Removal (n=966) Correct installation and maintenance are highly important • NO flexible tubing • • nails ND 350 450 10 15 28 27 32 40 99 86 57 42 34 13 71 21 Effluent Arsenic Concentration (ug/L) NO tap connection NO dispersed iron Docsity.com partners •Filter designed based on collaborative, iterative, multi-disciplinary approached inherent in sustainable development concepts constraint of rural Nepal available in rural Nepal better than untreated water (according to many Co- Evolutionary Technology? • Filter designed in local environment with local • Filter designed within social and economic • Manufactured by local labor using materials • Easy operation and maintenance • Filtered water tastes and looks significantly users) so users like it and are continuing to use it Docsity.com Sustainable Implementation? • locations make individual informed decision to protect their health central authority impacts We select and train entrepreneurs from easily accessible • We provide detailed information to villagers such that they can • We strengthen the capacity of existing local authorities to support safe water initiatives, rather than relying on remote • We use existing and functioning distribution networks and infrastructure; therefore reducing risk of failure and negative Docsity.com X the entrepreneurs are well- established organizations with their premises and staff. to construct filters based on demand Entrepreneurs’ Financial Sustainability? Financially sustainable: Margin per unit unit sales > Fixed cost In our case: • Fixed cost is minimal because their own financial support for • Temporary staff can be hired Docsity.com Filter Operation 1. Pour water into top basin. Water will pass through filter and flow up the pipe 2. pipe outlet 3. then cleaning is required Collect filtered water at the If flow rate is insufficient, Docsity.com Filter Cleaning/ Maintenance Wash your hands with soap Stir the uppermost ½ inch of sand with your fingers Remove diffuser basin Docsity.com Repeat three times total. Discard the turbid water in a dug hole with some cow dung in it Now the filter can be used again Filter Cleaning/ Maintenance Remove turbid water with a cup. Replace the basin and add more water. Docsity.com