Cognitive Psychology Theory, Process, and Methodology, Exams of Cognitive Psychology

Download Cognitive Psychology Theory, Process, and Methodology and more Exams Cognitive Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY THEORY, PROCESS, AND METHODOLOGY Dawn M. McBride Illinois State University J. Cooper Cutting \ Illinois State University (DSAGE Los Angeles | London | New Delhi Singapore | Washington DC | Boston Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix About the Authors xxi Chapter 1 ° introduction to Cognitive Psychology 1 Chapter 2 o cognitive Neuroscience 21 Chapter 3 ° Perception 43 Chapter 4 o Attention 69 Chapter 5 o Memory Structures and Processes 95 Chapter 6 ° Long-Term Memory: influences on Retrieval 127 Chapter 7 ° Memory Errors 151 Chapter 8 ° imagery 181 Chapter 9 ° Language 203 Chapter 10 ° Concepts and Knowledge 239 Chapter 11 ° Problem Solving 267 Chapter 12 ° Reasoning and Decision Making 297 Glossary \ 329 References 333 Authoiindex 349 Subject index 357 Chapter 4 • Attention Introduction: How We Pay Attention Views of Attention Attention as an Information Filter Attention as a Limited Resource Attention as a Spotlight Attention as a Mental Capacity Attention as a Feature Binder Visual Search Activity How Attention Affects Our Perceptions The Gorilla in the Room: Inattentional Blindness Asking Directions Activity Noticing Changes Activity Incompatibilities Tax Attention: The Simon Effect Simon Effect Activity Effects of Automatic Processes on Attention: The Stroop Task Stroop Effect Activity Automatic and Controlled Processing: A Cognitive Dichotomy Thinking About Research Chapter Review Summary Chapter Quiz Key Terms Stop and Think Answers Chapter 5 • Memory Structures and Processes Introduction: The Pervasiveness of Memory Memory as Structure or Process Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval Modal Model of Memory Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory (STM) Memory Span Activity Capacity of STM Duration of STM Long-Term Memory (LTM) Types of LTM Memories The Working-Memory (WM) System Baddeley s Model Visuospatial Sketchpad Phonological Loop Word Length Effect Activity 111 Episodic Buffer 112 Central Executive 113 Beyond Baddeley s Model 114 Retrieval From Long-Term Memory 114 Recall Tasks 115 Recognition Tasks 115 Comparing Recall and Recognition Tasks 116 Implicit-Memory Tasks 117 Prospective-Memory Tasks 117 Memory Overview 119 'Thinking About Research 119 Chapter Review 120 Summary 120 Chapter Quiz 121 Key Terms 122 Stop and Think Answers 122 Chapter 6 • Long-Term Memory: Influences on Retrieval 127 Introduction: Superior Memory 128 Why We Forget 128 Encoding Effects 130 Levels of Processing 131 Levels of Processing Effect Activity 131 Spacing Effects 132 Serial Position Curve 133 Retrieval Effects 135 The Testing Effect 135 Using the Testing Effect 136 Encoding-Retrieval Interactions 137 Environmental Context Effects 137 Mood-Dependent Effects 139 Transfer-Appropriate Processing ^ 140 Summary of Encoding-Retrieval Interactions 142 Mnemonics 143 Image Mnemonic Activity 143 Method of Loci Activity 144 Superior Autobiographical Memory 144 Thinking About Research 145 i Chapter Review 147 Summary 147 Chapter Quiz 147 Key Terms Stop and Think Answers Chapter 7 • Memory Errors Introduction: The Inaccuracy of Memory The Seven "Sins" of Memory Error #1 Transience Error #2 Absentmindedness Error #3 Blocking Error #4 Source Misattribution Error #5 Suggestibility Error #6 Bias Error #7 Persistence Summary The Reconstructive Nature of Memory Bartlett s Studies Identify the Task Activity Schemata and Scripts Memory Errors in the Laboratory The DRM Procedure False Memory Activity Eyewitness Memory Studies Applications of Eyewitness Memory Research Summary and Conclusions Clinical Memory Failures—Amnesia Types of Amnesia Amnesia and Implicit Memory Amnesia in Alzheimer's Disease Amnesia in Childhood Thinking About Research Chapter Review Summary Chapter Quiz Key Terms Stop and Think Answers Chapter 8 • Imagery Introduction: Visual Imagery in Everyday Life •MentaMmages and Cognition The Debate on Propositional and Spatial Representations Imagery and Memory Imagery and Memory Activity The Future of Research and Theory of Concepts 260 Thinking About Research 261 Chapter Review 263 Summary 263 Chapter Quiz 263 Key Terms 264 Stop and Think Answers 264 Chapter 11 • Problem Solving 267 Introduction: Problem Solving in Daily Life 268 Recognizing and Identifying a Problem 268 Defining and Representing Problems 270 Moving Pennies Activity 270 Dominos and a Chessboard Activity 270 Functional Fixedness 272 Two Strings Problem Activity 272 Developing Solutions to Problems: Approaches and Strategies 273 Sudoku Activity 273 Associationist Approach: Trial-and-Error Strategy 274 Gestalt Approaches 274 Insight 275 9-Dot Problem Activity 275 Mental Set 276 Cups and Water Problem Activity 276 Analogical Transfer 277 Radiation Problem Activity Til Summary 279 Problem Solving as Problem Space Searches 280 Means-Ends Strategy 281 Hill-Climbing Strategy 282 Working-Backward Strategy 282 Summary of Approaches and Strategies 283 Allocating Mental Resources for Solving the Problem » 283 Matchstick Math Activity \ 285 Expertise 286 Experts Versus Novices 287 Perception and Attention 287 Memory 287 Better Strategies 287 Becoming a Better Problem Solver 288 Thinking About Research 289 Chapter Review 291 Summary 291 Chapter Quiz Key Terms Stop and Think Answers Chapter 12 • Reasoning and Decision Making Introduction: A Night at the Movies Deductive Reasoning Syllogistic Reasoning Syllogisms Activity Conditional Reasoning Conditional Arguments Activity Wason 4-Card Task Activity Adapted Wason 4-Card Task Activity Deductive-Reasoning Approaches Conclusion Interpretation Approaches Representation-Explanation Approaches Surface Approaches Combining These Approaches: Dual-Process Framework Approach Inductive Reasoning Types of Inductive Reasoning Analogical Reasoning Category Induction Causal Reasoning Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis Testing Activity Counter/actual Thinking Everyday Reasoning Making Decisions A General Model of Decision Making Ideal Decision Making: A Normative Model Heuristics and Biases Representativeness Bias Tom's Job Activity Availability Bias s FramingBias Descriptive Decision-Making Approaches Prospect Theory Dual-Process Framework Future Advances in Theories of Reasoning and Decision Making Thinking About Research Chapter Review Summary Chapter Quiz Key Terms Stop and Think Answers Glossary References Author Index Subject Index