Cognitivism fundamentals, Assignments of Philosophy

Download Cognitivism fundamentals and more Assignments Philosophy in PDF only on Docsity! COGNITIVISM Presented by: Guinto, Rachelle Nadado, Joren Grace B.S.E – English III Learning Outcomes: ❖ Describe the different gestalt principles. ❖ List ways of applying gestalt psychology in teaching learning process. ❖ Demonstrate appreciation of the usefulness of gestalt principles in the teaching- learning process. What is Cognitivism? It refers to a class of learning theories that are based on some sort of rational information processing model of the human mind. Cognitivism ► It stresses that information is more likely to be acquired, retained, and retrieved for future if it is learner constructed, relevant and built upon prior knowledge. What is Gestalt Theory? Law of Proximity ► The Law of Proximity is gestalt grouping law that states elements that are close together tend to be perceived as a unified group. Law of Similarity ► The gestalt principle of similarity says that elements that are similar are perceived to be more related than elements that are dissimilar. Similarity helps us organize objects by their relatedness to other objects within a group and can be affected by the attributes of color, size, shape and orientation ► The Law of Closure is the gestalt law that states that if there is a break in the object, we perceive the object as continuing in a smooth pattern. Law of Figure/Ground ► The figure-ground principle states that people instinctively perceive objects as either being in the foreground or the background. Insight learning ► The idea of insight learning was developed by Wolfgang Kohler in which he described experiments with apes where the apes could use boxes and sticks as tools to solve problems. ► Insightful learning is also known as Gestalt learning which means that learning is concerned with the whole individual and arises from the interaction of an individual with his situations or environment. Through this interaction emerge new forms of perception, imagination and ideas which altogether constitute insight. INFORMATION PROCESSING Information Processing ► It is a cognitive theoretical framework that focuses on how knowledge enters and is stored in and is retrieved from our memory. ► The information processing theory is based on the idea that humans actively process the information they receive from their senses, like a computer does. Learning is what is happening when our brains receive information, record it, mould it and store it. “Types”of Knowledge 1. General vs. Specific 2. Declarative 3. Procedural 4. Episodic 5. Conditional General vs. Specific ► This involves whether the knowledge is useful in many task, or in only one. Episodic ► This includes memories of life events, like your high school graduation. Conditional ► This is about “knowing when and why” to apply declarative or procedural strategies. The Three Primary Stages in the Information Processing Theory are: 1. Encoding – information is sensed, perceived and attended to. 2. Storage – The information is stored for either a brief or extended period of time, depending upon the processes following encoding. 3. Retrieval – The information is brought back at the appropriate time and reactivated for use on a current task, the true measure of effective memory. Forgetting ► Is the inability to retrieve or access information when needed. There are two main ways in which forgetting likely occurs: DECAY – information is not attended to, and eventually “fades” away. Very prevalent in working memory. INTERFERENCE- New or old information “blocks” access to the information in question. Methods for Increasing Retrieval of Information ► Rehearsal ► Meaningful learning ► Organization ► Elaboration ► Visual imagery ► Generation ► Context ► Personalization Thank you!