Download Encrypted Data Analysis for Computer Science Students - Prof. Jannat and more Slides Physical Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! COLLOIDS
ORE e Pe
| raw
Department of Pharmacy
University of Asia Pacific
'LVSHUVHGV\VWHP $GLVSHUVLRQV\VWHPFRQVLVWVRIWZRSKDVHV 'LVSHUVHGSKDVH FRQWLQXRXVSKDVH 7KHSDUWLFOHPDWWHUZKLFKLVSUHVHQWLQDVWDWHRIILQHO\GLYLGHG GLVFUHWH SDUWLFOHV LV FDOOHG WKH GLVSHUVHG SKDVH DQG WKH FRQWLQXRXVPHGLXPLQZKLFKWKHGLVFUHWHSDUWLFOHVDUHSUHVHQWLV FDOOHGWKHGLVSHUVLRQPHGLXP &ROORLGDOV\VWHP )LJXUH$FROORLGDOV\VWHPRIFRSSHULQZDWHU ([DPSOH±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҄ /\RSKLOLF FROORLG /\RSKLOLF VROYHQWORYLQJ VROV DUH WKRVH LQ ZKLFK WKH GLVSHUVHG SKDVH H[KLELWV D GHILQLWH DIILQLW\ IRU WKH PHGLXPRUWKHVROYHQW ҄ 2ZLQJWRWKHLUDIILQLW\IRUWKHGLVSHUVLRQPHGLXPVXFKPDWHULDOV IRUPFROORLGDOGLVSHUVLRQVRUVROVZLWKUHODWLYHHDVH ҄ ([DPSOHGLVSHUVLRQVRIVWDUFKJXPDQGSURWHLQLQZDWHU ҄ /\RSKRELF FROORLG 6\VWHPV FRQWDLQLQJ FROORLGDO SDUWLFOHV WKDWKDYHOLWWOHDWWUDFWLRQLIDQ\ZLWKWKHGLVSHUVLRQPHGLXP DUHUHIHUUHGWRDVO\RSKRELF VROYHQWKDWLQJ FROORLGV ҄ 2ZLQJ WR WKHLU QR RU OLWWOH DIILQLW\ IRU WKH GLVSHUVLRQ PHGLXP VXFK PDWHULDOV IRUP FROORLGDO GLVSHUVLRQV ZLWK GLIILFXOW\ ҄ ([DPSOH'LVSHUVLRQRIJROGVXOIXUVLOYHULRGLGHLQZDWHU ҄ $VVRFLDWLRQFROORLG7KHFROORLGZKLFKLVIRUPHGE\WKH GLVSHUVLRQRIDJJUHJDWHVRIVPDOORUJDQLFPROHFXOHVRULRQVZKRVH VL]HLQGLYLGXDOO\LVEHORZWKHFROORLGDOUDQJH ҄ 7KHPROHFXOHVIRUPPLFHOOHDWFHUWDLQFRQFHQWUDWLRQ ҄ &ULWLFDOPLFHOOHFRQFHQWUDWLRQLVGHILQHGDVWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQUDQJH RIDVXUIDFWDQWDWZKLFKPLFHOOHVVWDUWIRUPLQJ ҄ $QLRQLFPROHFXOH6RGLXPODXU\OVXOIDWH ҄ &DWLRQLFPROHFXOH&HW\OWULPHWK\ODPPRQLXPEURPLGH &7$% ҄ 1RQLRQLFSRO\R[\HWK\OHQHODXU\OHWKHU Preparation of colloids
1) Lyophilic sols : They can be prepared by simply warming the solid
with the liquid dispersion medium . Example- starch with water.
2) Lyophobic sols: unstable and irreversible, difficult to prepare
a) Condensation or aggregation method
b) Dispersion method
D &RQGHQVDWLRQRUDJJUHJDWLRQPHWKRG &KHPLFDOPHWKRGV %\5HGXFWLRQ0HWDOVROVDUHJHQHUDOO\SUHSDUHGE\WKLVPHWKRG6LOYHUVROVDQG JROGVROVDUHSUHSDUHGE\WUHDWLQJGLOXWHVROXWLRQRIVLOYHUQLWUDWHRUJROGFKORULGHZLWK RUJDQLFDJHQWVOLNHWDQQLFDFLGRUHWKDQDO $X&OĀ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Ļ)H&O>)H 2+ )H @ VRO &OĀ %UHGLJ¶VDUFPHWKRG ҄ XVHGWRSUHSDUHVROVRISODWLQXP VLOYHUFRSSHURUJROG ҄ $QDUFLVVWUXFNEHWZHHQWKHWZRPHWDO HOHFWURGHVKHOGFORVHWRJHWKHUEHQHDWK GHLRQL]HGZDWHU ҄ 7KHZDWHULVNHSWFROGE\LPPHUVLQJ WKHFRQWDLQHULQLFHZDWHUEDWKDQGD WUDFHRIDONDOL .2+ LVDGGHG ҄ 7KHLQWHQVHKHDWRIWKHVSDUNDFURVVWKH HOHFWURGHVYDSRULVHVVRPHRIWKHPHWDO DQGWKHYDSRXUFRQGHQVHVXQGHUZDWHU ҄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ɬ#SPXOJBONPWFNFOUFYQMBJOTIPXUIFDPOTUBOUQVTIJOHPG UIFQBSUJDMFTCZUIF NPMFDVMFTPG UIFEJTQFSTJPONFEJVNEPFTOPUQFSNJUUIFQBSUJDMFTUPTFUUMFVOEFS HSBWJUZ E 'LIIXVLRQ ,WLVDGLUHFWUHVXOWRI%URZQLDQPRWLRQ 7KLVSURSHUW\SHUPLWVHVWLPDWLRQRIPROHFXODUZHLJKWRISRO\PHUV VXFK DVHJJDOEXPLQDQGKHPRJORELQ 'LIIXVLRQFDQEHH[SUHVVHGE\)LFN¶VILUVWODZZKLFKVWDWHVWKDWSDUWLFOHV GLIIXVHVSRQWDQHRXVO\IURPDUHJLRQRIKLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQWRDUHJLRQRI ORZFRQFHQWUDWLRQXQWLOGLIIXVLRQHTXLOLEULXPLVDWWDLQHG F 9LVFRVLW\7KHYLVFRVLW\RIDFROORLGDOGLVSHUVLRQLVDIIHFWHGE\ ĝ 6KDSHRIGLVSHUVHGSDUWLFOHVVSKHULFDOSDUWLFOHVLPSDUWORZ YLVFRXVV\VWHPZKLOHOLQHDUVKDSHSDUWLFOHVLPSDUWKLJKYLVFRXV V\VWHP G 6HGLPHQWDWLRQ 7KHYHORFLW\RIVHGLPHQWDWLRQRIVSKHULFDOSDUWLFOHVLVREWDLQHGE\ 6WRNHV¶/DZ SDUWLFOHVL]HPLQLPXPȝP $VFROORLGDOGLVSHUVLRQV H[KLELW%URZQLDQPRWLRQJUDYLW\VHGLPHQWDWLRQLVPLQLPDO7KH\PD\ EHPDGHWRVHGLPHQWE\IRUFHLHXOWUDFHQWULIXJH 8OWUDFHQWULIXJHLVXVHGWRVWXG\PLFHOODUSURSHUWLHVRIGUXJVPROHFXODU ZHLJKWRIDQWLELRWLFIXVLGDWHVRGLXP ZKHUH )GLVWKHIULFWLRQDOIRUFH±NQRZQDV6WRNHV GUDJ±DFWLQJRQWKH LQWHUIDFHEHWZHHQWKHIOXLGDQGWKHSDUWLFOH Ș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