Understanding Gender Roles and Friendships: A Look at Masculinity and Femininity, Quizzes of Communication

Download Understanding Gender Roles and Friendships: A Look at Masculinity and Femininity and more Quizzes Communication in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Personal Relationships DEFINITION 1 when partners depend upon each other (e.g., for affection, companionship, time, energy, & assistance) and regard each other as unique individuals who cannot be replaced. TERM 2 Deficit Model DEFINITION 2 Men are less skilled at developing/sustaining personal relationships Emotional self-disclosure = the key to intimate relationships. Frames men as deficient because they are either less interested in or unable to engage in emotional self- disclosure Some suggest men be re-socialized to be more in touch with their feelings & to communicate more openly/expressively TERM 3 The Alternate Paths Model: DEFINITION 3 there are different (equally valid) routes to creating & sustaining close relationships Traditionally, there has been only one way to measure closeness: by a feminine ruler. Socialization limits masculine individuals opportunities to express their feelings verbally. However, this doesnt mean they dont express their feelings/closenessthey do so with instrumental displays of affection (building closeness through doing things with/for each other). Healthy relationships require us to become bilingual (expressing/experiencing intimacy through both verbal & instrumental communication) TERM 4 closeness is formed in feminine DEFINITION 4 Feminine Friendships: Closeness in dialogue Closeness is built through talk: typically about personal feelings, experiences, fears & vulnerabilities, problems, daily lives & activities. Initially separate worlds are woven together into a common one through dialogue, creating a close connection Consistent with gender socialization, communication tends to be attentive, expressive, empathic, & supportive Feminine norms may make women with feelings of envy & competition feel guilty; they also tend to feel like they have to be constantly available & caring Female friends often talk explicitly about their relationship More breadth & depth of self-disclosure TERM 5 Know the gendered styles of friendships DEFINITION 5 Similarities Between the Friendships of Men & Women: Both sexes value close friends & invest in relationships Both sexes engage in instrumental & expressive modes of building & expressing closeness, although they differ in the extent to which they use each Differences Between the Friendships of Men & Women: Women tend to engage each other face to face; men usually interact side by side Women emphasize talking & being together (communicate directly & verbally with each other & self-disclose); Men emphasize doing things together (engage in activities that dont involve facing each other) TERM 6 closeness if formed in masculinity DEFINITION 6 Closeness is built through doing activities together (e.g., playing sports, watching games, etc.) > 2/3 of men described activities other than talking as the most meaningful times w/ friends (Swain, 1989) While women tend to seek confidantes, men tend to seek companions While women tend to share feelings, men tend to share space Friendships tend to have an instrumental focus, in which men exchange favors/help each another out. Also may take the form of diversionary activities when faced with problems rather than explicit, expressive conversations about them. Friendships may involve covert intimacy (affection through teasing, friendly competition, playful punches, etc.) Friendships tend to be narrower in scope than womens friendships, with different friends for various spheres of interest. TERM 7 Know the challenges of friendships between women and men DEFINITION 7 Another tension in friendships between men & women may arise from sex-segregated socialization as they were growing up. For women, a primary benefit of friendships w/ men = a less emotionally intense relationship. For men, a benefit of friendship with women = access to overtly communicated emotional & expressive support. (Both sexes report seeking women friends in times of stress & disclose more to women.) TERM 8 Be familiar with the research about gendered preferences for autonomy and connection DEFINITION 8 Both masculine & feminine individuals desire both freedom & interconnectedness, yet masculine individuals (socialized towards independence) typically want greater autonomy while feminine individuals (socialized to focus on relationships) generally are comfortable w/ greater levels of connection This can lead to problems in heterosexual relationships when behaviors are interpreted from differing perspectives The demand-withdraw pattern: one partner feels distant so attempts to engage in close, personal talk leaving the other feeling stifled TERM 9 Know the term psychological responsibility DEFINITION 9 Psychological responsibility for planning/remembering things that need to be done increases the burdens of second shift duties Consequences include stress, fatigue, illness, resentment, & decreased job performance TERM 10 Stereotype: Women as Mothers DEFINITION 10 1) Women as Mothers (figuratively) STEREOTYPE Women employees should take care of the emotional labor & domesticsto smile, exchange pleasantries, prepare coffee & snacks, & listen to, support, & help others (Basinger, 2001; Bellas, 2001) 1) WOMEN AS MOTHERS ( LITERALLY) Women who have/plan to have kids are perceived as less serious professionals than people without kids Pregnancy influences employers to withhold the preoccupied mother job opportunities, then later withhold promotions due to her lack of experience (Goddess & Calderon, 2006) TERM 21 Quotas and Goals DEFINITION 21 Quotas require a specific # or % of women or minorities to be admitted, hired, or promotedThere are penalties if the quota is not met; thus, its possible (though not always the case) that under or unqualified people may be admitted, hired, or promoted in order to meet a quota Goals consist of an institutions stated intention to achieve representation of minorities or women. Goals & quotas may work against women/minorities. Other institutional members may assume they got in only because of their sex/race & are perceived as underqualified. They may also work against underrepresented groups when the quota or goal is seen as the maximum (rather than the minimum) # of women or minorities who will be admitted, hired or promoted. TERM 22 Diversity Training DEFINITION 22 Aims to increase awareness of & respect for differences that arise from distinct standpoints Often implemented in combination w/ one of the other remedies mentioned Curricular materials enhance organizational members sensitivity to inequities to help combat biases Drawback: it requires personal choice that some members may not be willing to commit to in order to effect change TERM 23 5 ways media influences how we perceive the roles of men, women, & relationships: DEFINITION 23 1) Through gendered media use 2) By telling us what is important 3) By telling us what women/men should be 4) Through gendered advertising 5) By telling us how women & men relate to each other TERM 24 Be able to describe agenda setting theory DEFINITION 24 Agenda-Setting Theory (McCombs & Shaw, 1972): Media decides which stories to consider worthy & how much prominence/space to give; their agenda becomes the public agenda (i.e., we judge as important what the media judge as important) TERM 25 Know what the mommy track myth is and why it was problematic DEFINITION 25 Often inaccurately report on women & womens movements (e.g. feminists = bra burning, man hating, extremists). Mommy track myth: Schwartzs (1989) article in Harvard Business Review said women who wanted to have babies cost companies more $ than other employees, & that child-wanting female workers should be placed on a mommy track w/ less promotion/opportunities. Also, these women would willingly trade promotions for more time at home. Her report was inaccurate, yet very popular; when she printed her retraction, it got virtually no coverage. TERM 26 Be familiar with the term male gaze as discussed in the movie Dreamworlds 3 DEFINITION 26 When you look at an object, you are seeing more than just the thing itself: you are seeing the relation between the thing and yourself. TERM 27 Be able to discuss the portrayals of gender in advertising media as well as the influence of advertisements DEFINITION 27 Surveys show that almost everyone thinks media affect others, but that they are immune to media influences However, research has found that media shapes our identities, perspectives, opinions, choices, etc. TERM 28 MEN/BOYS tend to use media: DEFINITION 28 For instrumental purposes (e.g. texting about what time to meet) As a form of entertainment (watching TV) Boys/men post more videos online (Rosenbloom, 2008) Boys/men tend to consume more action- oriented/violent video games (Ivory, 2008) TERM 29 GIRLS/Women tend to use media DEFINITION 29 To build relationships (e.g. calling to see how someone is doing) To express their identities & engage with others (social networking) Girls/women more likely to blog/create profiles on social networking sites (Rosenbloom, 2008) TERM 30 GENDER INTIMIDATION/ STREET HARRASSMENT DEFINITION 30 When members of one sex are treated in ways that make them feel humiliated, unsafe, vulnerable, or inferior Includes: Lewd remarks/requests The invasion of space Forced toleration of unwelcome sexual conduct TERM 31 SEXUAL ASSAULT DEFINITION 31 Sexual activity that occurs w/out informed consent from at least one person involved Informed consent can only be given by an adult who has normal mental capabilities, who is not being coerced, & whose judgment is not impaired (e.g., drugs/alcohol) Includes: Rape by a stranger Sex that is coerced by friends or dates (Most incidents are perpetrated by someone known to the victim) Forced sex in marriage Incest Sexual activities with children (33% of children have been sexually assaulted) TERM 32 INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE DEFINITION 32 Physical, mental, emotional, verbal, or economic power used by one partner against the other in a romantic relationship Typically follows a cyclical pattern: mounting tension, explosion & violence, remorse & apology, & honeymoon Stalking: repeated, intrusive behavior that is uninvited & unwanted, that seems obsessive, & that makes the target afraid or concerned for her/his safety Linked to gender vs. sex; the more strongly one identifies with traditional masculinity, the more likely he/she is to engage in violence TERM 33 SEXUAL HARASSMENT DEFINITION 33 Unwanted & unwelcome verbal/nonverbal behavior of a sexual nature that links academic or professional standing to sexual favors, or that interferes with work or learning Quid pro quo (this for that): actual or threatened use of professional/academic rewards and/or punishments to gain sexual compliance from a subordinate Hostile environment harassment: unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature that interferes with a persons ability to perform a job, to gain an education and/or that creates a hostile, intimidating, or offensive working environment because of sexualized conduct Created through a pattern of unwelcoming conduct related to a persons sex, & that pattern must create conditions so intolerable that a reasonable person would resign. TERM 34 GENITAL SURGERY (MUTILATION) DEFINITION 34 Alteration of the genitals Male circumcision: The removal of foreskin from the penis Sunna (religious duty): The removal of the skin surrounding the clitoris, sometimes the tip of the clitoris Usually performed on girls ages 4-14, sometimes infants Much more dangerous than male circumcision & can leave a woman unable to experience sexual arousal or orgasm) TERM 35 GENITAL SURGERY (MUTILATION) DEFINITION 35 Excision (or clitoridectomy): the removal of the clitoris & parts of the labia minora Performed in the US in the 20th century to keep women pure & cure masturbation/prevent orgasm Greatly reduces sexual pleasure for women & is intended to discourage premarital sex/cheating on husband Causes pain & danger in childbirth Infibulation: The clitoris & labia minora are removed, the flesh is scraped from the labia majora & they are sewn together, closing the vagina almost completely (leaving a small opening for urination & menstruation) -The opening is made larger after marriage to permit intercourse, but may be ordered by her husband to be resewn (e.g. to prevent pregnancy or if he leaves town). This makes sexual activity extremely painful for women and often increases mens pleasure