Communication skills - Topic : 2 Tenses, Study notes of Communication

Download Communication skills - Topic : 2 Tenses and more Study notes Communication in PDF only on Docsity! Communication skills Gaurav k sardhara || 9067351366 Page 1 Topic : 2 Tenses The word tenses comes from the Latin word TEPUS it means time. We describe the tenses from duration of time if it is a past time, present time, or future time. A verb that refers to present time is said to be in the past tense. A verb that refers to past time is said to be in the past tense. And a verb that refers to future time is said to be in the future tense. FURTHER DIVISION OF TENSES: 1. Present tense.  Simple present tense  present continuous tense  present perfect tense  present perfect continuous tense 2. Past tense.  Simple past tense  Past continuous tense  Past perfect tense  Past perfect continuous tense 3. Future tense.  Simple future tense  Future continuous tense  Future perfect tense  Future perfect continuous tense Thus we have in all, twelve tenses to indicate various dimensions of time of an action in language .Let us study each in detail. Communication skills Gaurav k sardhara || 9067351366 Page 2 THE PRESENT TENSES (a) The simple present tense:- The simple present tense is generally used to express actions taking place in the present time. Eg. Rahul plays excellent cricket. My mother cooks delicious food. The verbs underlined in the above examples are in the simple present tense. KEYWORDS Subjects + root form of the verb + object + other words Where to use the simple present tense? The simple present tense is used to express:  Habits or actions done repeatedly.  Scientific facts, permanent truths and proverbs.  Natural qualities and professional activities. Forms of the simple present tense: 1. Affirmative (positive) Person Singular Plural 1st per. I do We do 2nd per. You do You do 3rd per. He /she/it does They do Communication skills Gaurav k sardhara || 9067351366 Page 5  Verbs expressing senses:hear,see,smell,taste.  Verbs expressing feelings and emotions.  Verbs expressing possession.  Verbs expressing mental states  Non-action verbs. (c) The present perfect tense The present perfect tense is used to express actions that have just or already been completed. Eg:-  I have read this book.  Sita has already done her work  The guests have just left. The underlined verbs in the above sentences are in the present perfect tense. thus, the present perfect tense expresses actions that have already been completed and yet linked with the present. KEYWORDS Subject + to have + V3 + object + other words ( has,have) It must be remembered that we cannot form the present perfect tense without the past participle form of the verb. WHERE TO USE THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE The present perfect tense is used to express an action  That has been recently completed.  Which has already been completed in the past but whose effect can be felt at the time of speaking or that which is linked with the present  Thus the present perfect tense expresses a completed action connected with the present. (d) The present perfect continuous tense: The present perfect continuous tense expresses an action that began in the past and has gone on till the time of speaking or may be is in progress at the time of speaking. Communication skills Gaurav k sardhara || 9067351366 Page 6 Eg.  They have been studying for two hours.  Sota has been sleeping since 8 p.m. The underlined verbs in the above sentences are in the present perfect continuous tense. KEYWORDS: Subjects + to have + been + verb +ing + object + other words (has,have) where to use the present perfect continuous tense? The present perfect continuous tense is used to express an action:  That began in the past and is continuing till or at the time of speaking.  To denote actions that have just finished. THE PAST TENSE (a) The simple past tense The simple past tense expresses actions taking place at some time in the past and is over now. eg  I received your letter yesterday.  She left for Mumbai last week.  They went to a garden for a walk. The underlined verbs in the above sentences are in the simple past tense. Thus, the simple past tense expresses actions of the past that are over and are not linked with the present in any way. NOTE:- „d‟ or‟ ed‟ is generally added to the root form of the verb to form its past tense. Thus, Simple past tense = root form of the verb + d/ed KEYWORDS: Communication skills Gaurav k sardhara || 9067351366 Page 7 Subject + past form of the verb + object + other words Where to use the simple past tense: 1) The simple past tense expresses a completed action not connected with the present.  I brought these books yesterday. (Past and present not linked) 2) To express some past habit: When we express some past habits, we often use words like usually, generally, always, sometimes, frequently, never, often with simple past tense  I usually studied at night.  We always played together. (b) the past continuous tense: The past continuous tense expresses an action that was going on at some time in the past. Eg.  I was writing a letter when Meera came.  They were going towards the school.  It was raining heavily. The underlined words in the above sentences are in the past continuous tense. Thus, the past continuous tense is used to express an action which was in progress at some point of time in the past. KEYWORDS:- Subject + to be + verb + ing + object + other words (was, were) Where to use the past continuous tense: The past continuous tense is used to express an action: Communication skills Gaurav k sardhara || 9067351366 Page 10 (a) the simple future tense: The simple future tense expresses an action that will take place at some time in the future. Eg.  I shall complete my work tomorrow.  They will complete their work tomorrow. The underlined verbs in the above sentences are in the simple future tense. Thus the simple future tense is used to talk about things that will take place in the future. KEYWORDS: Subject + shall/will + root form of the verb + object + other words Expressions like tomorrow, next week, next month etc. may be used to suggest the future tense. Where to use the simple future tense: The simple future tense is used to express an action: 1) That will take place in the future time. 2) As a general rule, we use shall with the first person pronouns I & We and will with the second and third person pronouns –you, he, she, it, they, to express the future tense. However, the use of will has now become common with all persons. 3) To express an action over which the speaker has no control. 4) Some special uses of „will‟  When you offer to do something or when you are willing to do something.  When you agree to do something or when you are ready to do something.  When you promise to do something.  When you ask somebody to do something.  When you think you will, when you don‟t think you will. (b) future continuous tense: the future continuous tense expresses an action that will be going on at a given time in the future. Eg.  We shall be studying at 6.00 p.m. in the evening.  They will be studying at 6.00 p.m in the evening. Communication skills Gaurav k sardhara || 9067351366 Page 11 KEYWORDS:- Subject + shall be/will be + verb + ing + object + other words Note :- we can not form the future continuous tense without using the ‘ing’ form of the verb. Where to use the future continuous tense:- The future continuous tense is used to express an action: 1) that will be in progress at a given time in the future. 2) That is quite sure to happen in the future. (c) Future perfect tense:- The future perfect tense is used to express an action completed before a given time in the future. Eg.  I shall have finished my work by 9.00 p.m.  She will have finished her work by 9.00 p.m. The underlined verbs in the above sentences in the future perfect tense. KEYWORDS:- Subject + shall/will + have + V3 + object + other words Note: we cannot form the future perfect tense without the past participle form of the verb (V3) The future perfect tense is generally used with a time expression beginning with the preposition „by‟ like by that time, by next week, by next month, by the end of this month etc. Where to use the future perfect tense: The future perfect tense is used to express an action already over before a give moment in the future. Eg. Communication skills Gaurav k sardhara || 9067351366 Page 12 I shall have got my result by the end of this month. He will have got his result by the end of this month. (d) future perfect continuous tense: The future perfect continuous tense is used to express an action which will begin before a definite moment in the future, will continue upto that moment an will be going on even at that moment. Eg.  By 6:00 p.m. , I shall have been studying for three hours.  By 6:00 p.m., she will have been studying for three hours. The underlined verbs in the above sentences are in the future perfect continuous tense. KEYWORDS: Subject + shall/will + have + been verb + ing + object + other words. Where to use the future perfect continuous tense: The future perfect continuous tense is used when a definite moment in the future is specified and the action will begin before that moment, it will continue upto that moment and will begin before that moment, it will continue upto that moment and will be in progress even at that moment.