IGCSE Psychology Terms and Concepts, Exams of Psychology

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Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers encoding CORRECT ANSWERS✅ changing information so it can be stored. storage CORRECT ANSWERS✅ holding information in the memory system. retrieval CORRECT ANSWERS✅ recovering information from storage. multi-store CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the idea that information passes through a series of memory stores sensory store CORRECT ANSWERS✅ holds information received from the senses for a very short period of time short term store CORRECT ANSWERS✅ holds approximately 7 chunks of information for a limited amount of time long term store CORRECT ANSWERS✅ holds a vast amount of information for a very long period of time Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers recency effect CORRECT ANSWERS✅ information received later is recalled better than earlier information primacy effect CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the first information received is recalled better than subsequent information reconstructive memory CORRECT ANSWERS✅ altering our recollection of things so that they make more sense to us structural processing CORRECT ANSWERS✅ thinking about the physical appearance of words to be learnt phonetic processing CORRECT ANSWERS✅ thinking about the sound of words to be learnt semantic processing CORRECT ANSWERS✅ thinking about the meaning of the words to be learnt levels of processing CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the depth at which information is thought about when trying to learn it Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers tone of voice CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the way words are spoken to convey emotion emphasis CORRECT ANSWERS✅ giving prominence to some words more than others intonation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ inflection of the voice when speaking non verbal communication CORRECT ANSWERS✅ conveying messages that do not require the use of words or vocal sounds eye contact CORRECT ANSWERS✅ when two people in conversation look at each others eyes at the same time pupil dilation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ when the pupils in the eyes expand to look large hemispheres of the brain CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the human brain is divided into two halves, called the left and the right hemispheres Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers practical implications CORRECT ANSWERS✅ suggestions about behaviour in the real world beyond the research study, based upon what psychologists have discovered body language CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a general term to describe aspects of non verbal communication posture CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the positioning of the body, often regarded as a nonverbal communication signal postural echo CORRECT ANSWERS✅ mirroring another persons body position confederate CORRECT ANSWERS✅ an actor or stooge who appears to be a genuine participant in the experiment but is actually working for the experimenter closed posture CORRECT ANSWERS✅ positioning the arms so that they are folded across the body and/or crossing the legs Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers open posture CORRECT ANSWERS✅ positioning the arms so they are not folded across the body and not crossing the legs gesture CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a form of non verbal communication in which information is conveyed by either deliberate or unconscious movement of parts of the body touch CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a form of non verbal communication in which information is conveyed by physical contact between people personal space CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the distance we keep between ourselves and other people in our everyday lives sex differences CORRECT ANSWERS✅ differences due to being either male or female, these could affect personal space between individuals individual differences CORRECT ANSWERS✅ factors that make one person not the same as another person, such as personality or age Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a condition in which the individual does not use socially acceptable behaviour or consider the rights of others DSM-IV TR CORRECT ANSWERS✅ lists of different mental disorders and the criteria for diagnosing them amygdala CORRECT ANSWERS✅ part of the brain involved in emotion grey matter (cerebral cortex) CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the outer layer of the brain prefrontal cortex CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the very front of the brain involved in social and moral behaviour and controls aggression socioeconomic factors CORRECT ANSWERS✅ social and financial issues that can affect an individual media CORRECT ANSWERS✅ means of communication eg. television, newspapers Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers role model CORRECT ANSWERS✅ someone who a child looks up to and is likely to copy prejudice CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a rigid set of attitudes or beliefs towards particular groups of people, these attitudes are usually negative, but not always discrimination (with ref. to prejudice) CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the way an individual behaves towards another person or group as a result of their prejudiced view, this behaviour is usually negative, but could also be positive authoritarian personality CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a personality type that is prone to being prejudiced f-scale CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the questionnaire used by Adorno to measure personality characteristics robbers cave CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the name given to sherifs experiment on prejudice Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers in group CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a group of people you believe you have something in common with out group CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a group of people whom you believe you have nothing in common with jigsaw method CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the name given to the technique used by Aronson to reduce prejudice within a group of mixed race students expert groups CORRECT ANSWERS✅ another name for the jigsaw method. it is called this because each member of the group becomes an 'expert' at something and passes on the knowledge to the rest of the group contact CORRECT ANSWERS✅ seeing, speaking or writing to someone empathy CORRECT ANSWERS✅ being able to put yourself in someone else's position psychologically and understand how that person is feeling Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers extraneous variable CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a variable that is not the independent variable but might affect the dependent variable if it is not controlled control CORRECT ANSWERS✅ making sure procedures are the same when necessary, not controlling procedures leads to the possibility of extraneous variables occurring and confounding the results instructions CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the written or verbal information given to participants during the experiment randomisation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ using chance to produce an order for a procedure ecological validity CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the results of the investigation can be said to apply to real life behaviour. they are an accurate account of behaviour in the real world objectivity CORRECT ANSWERS✅ not affected by personal biases Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers sample CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the small group of people who represent the target population and who are studied target population CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the large group of people the researcher wishes to study representative CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the sample of participants is made up of people who have the same characteristics and abilities as the target population generalised CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the results from the sample can be said to apply to the target population random sample CORRECT ANSWERS✅ every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected for sample opportunity sample CORRECT ANSWERS✅ people who are members of the target population and are available and willing to take part systematic sample CORRECT ANSWERS✅ every nth member of the target population is selected for sample Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers stratified sample CORRECT ANSWERS✅ to obtain this type of sample, the different subgroups in the target population are identified then people are randomly selected from these subgroups in proportion to their numbers in the target population raw data CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the scores collected in a study that have not been analysed or summarised mean CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a statistic calculated by adding all the scores in a set of values and dividing the total by the number of values in the set mode CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the most frequently occurring value in a set of values median CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the middle value in a set of values when the values have been arranged in ascending order range CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the difference between the lowest and highest value in a set of values Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers discrimination (ref. to conditioning) CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the conditioned response is only produced when a specific stimulus is presented operant conditioning CORRECT ANSWERS✅ learning due to the consequences of behaviour, through positive or negative reinforcement law of effect CORRECT ANSWERS✅ behaviours that are followed by rewards are usually repeated, those that are punished are not usually repeated punishment CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a stimulus that weakens behaviour because it is unpleasant and we try to avoid it reinforcement CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a consequence of behaviour that encourages or strengthens a behaviour, this might be seen as a reward positive reinforcement CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a reward or pleasant consequence that increases the likelihood that a behaviour or action will be repeated Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers negative reinforcement CORRECT ANSWERS✅ when an unpleasant experience is removed after a behaviour or action has been made, this increases the likelihood of that behaviour or action being repeated behaviour shaping CORRECT ANSWERS✅ changing behaviour in small steps phobia CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity or situation, the typical symptoms are intense feelings of fear and anxiety to avoid the object, activity or situation flooding CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a treatment for phobias that involves the immediate exposure of the person to the feared object, activity or event until there is no response systematic desensitisation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a treatment for phobias in which the person is taught to relax and then is gradually exposed to the feared object, activity or event hierarchy of fears CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a series of feared events ranked from least frightening to most frightening Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers aversion therapy CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a treatment for addictions which makes the addict have an extremely negative reaction to the addictive substance primary reinforcer CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a reward that the animal or person needs to survice (eg. food and water) secondary reinforcer CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a reward that the animal or person can exchange for a primary reinforcer (eg. money or token) social influence CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the effect other people have on our behaviour, this includes conformity, obedience and social loafing conformity CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a change in a persons behaviour or opinions as the result of group pressure autokinetic effect CORRECT ANSWERS✅ an optical illusion where a spot of light on the screen appears to move when in fact it doesnt Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers gender identity CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a psychological term. a child's gender can be identified by their attitudes and behaviour. this determines whether a child's gender identity is masculine or femenine phallic stage CORRECT ANSWERS✅ Freud's third stage of psychosexual development, in which gender development takes place identification CORRECT ANSWERS✅ to adopt the attitudes and behaviours of the same sex parent oedipus complex CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the conflict experienced by a boy in the phallic stage because he unconsciously desires his mother and is afraid of his father electra complex CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the conflict experienced by a girl because she unconsciously desires her father but is afraid of losing her mothers love gender disturbance CORRECT ANSWERS✅ not developing the gender identity usually associated with ones sex Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers modelling CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a role model provides an example for the child imitation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ copying the behaviour of a model vicarious reinforcement CORRECT ANSWERS✅ learning from the model's being either rewarded or punished gender stereotypes CORRECT ANSWERS✅ believing that all males are similar and all females are similar gender schema CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a mental building block of knowledge that contains information about each gender gender role CORRECT ANSWERS✅ behaviour seen as masculine or feminine by a particular culture highly gender schematised CORRECT ANSWERS✅ where gender is an important way of thinking about the world so information is organised according to what is gender appropriate and what is gender inappropriate Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers aggresion CORRECT ANSWERS✅ behaviour aimed at harming others hormones CORRECT ANSWERS✅ chemicals released by our endocrine system that affect how our bodies function and how we behave chromosomes CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the parts of each cell that carry the genetic information from our parents limbic system CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the part of the brain that causes aggressive behaviour brain disease CORRECT ANSWERS✅ damage to the brain caused by illness or trauma thanatos CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the part of our unconscious that causes our aggressive drive ego defence mechanism CORRECT ANSWERS✅ behaviour strategies used by the individual to protect itself Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers open question CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a question where the person answering can give any response they like unambiguous CORRECT ANSWERS✅ something that has only one meaning interview CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a method in which a researcher collects data by asking questions directly interviewee CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the person/respondent who answers the questions in an interview structured interview CORRECT ANSWERS✅ an interview in which all the questions are pre set, given in a fixed order and every interviewee is asked the same question unstructured interview CORRECT ANSWERS✅ an interview in which only the first question is set and all other questions are determined by the answers of the interviewee Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers natural observation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ watching the behaviour of people who are in their usual environment observation study CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a method of collecting information about behaviour by watching and recording peoples actions categories of behaviour CORRECT ANSWERS✅ the separate actions that are recorded as examples of the target behaviour inter-observer reliability CORRECT ANSWERS✅ when this is high, the records made by more than one observer in a study are considered to be accurate because they match or are very similar to each other case study CORRECT ANSWERS✅ an in depth investigation of an individual, a small group or an organisation relationship CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a connection between two or more variables correlation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a technique used by researchers to establish the strength of a relationship between two variables Complete IGCSE Psychology Terms Questions and answers scatter graph CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a graph for representing correlations positive correlation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a relationship between two variables in which, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable also increases negative correlation CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a relationship between two variables in which, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases no correlation a there is no relationship between the variables prediction CORRECT ANSWERS✅ a statement about what will happen, made before the event occurs