computer application, Slides of Computer Applications

Download computer application and more Slides Computer Applications in PDF only on Docsity! APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN PHARMACY DRUG INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL Presented by:- Chandan Kumar Singh AIPS Lucknow Storage and Retrieval System • A computer system is described which stores patient data relating to clinical pharmacokinetic assessments made by clinical pharmacists, who are participating in a clinical pharmacokinetics service. The system was developed to assist in the documentation of service activities and storage of patients’ pharmacokinetic data. • Systematic process of collecting and cataloging data so that they can be located and displayed on the request. Computer data processing technique has made possible to access the high-speed and large amount of information for government, commercial and academic purposes. Major Components of IR • Information retrieval can be divided into several major constitutes which include: 1. Database 2. Search mechanism 3. Language 4. Interface • Database A system whose base, whose key concepts, is simply a particular way ofhandling data & its objective is to record and maintain information. Search mechanism Information organized systematically that can be searched and retrieved when a corresponding search mechanism is provided. • Search procedures can be categorized as basic or advance search procedure. • Capacity of search mechanism determines what retrieval techniques will be available to users and how information stored in databases can be retrieved. Language • Information relies on language when being processed, transferred or communicated. • Language can be identified as natural language and controlled vocabulary. • Retrieval Techniques Major retrieval techniques are: 1. Basic Retrieval Techniques • Boolean Searching • Case sensitivity searching • Truncation • Proximity searching • Range searching 2. Advanced Retrieval Techniques • Fuzzy searching • Query expansion • Multiple databases searching Boolean Searching Logical operations are also known as Boolean Logic. When Boolean logic is applied to information retrieval, the three operators, called Boolean operators. The AND operate for narrowing down a search The OR operate for broadening a search The NOT operator for excluding unwanted results Os tt 8] gC] |) 2d cd Q Emerald Home > Advanced search: All © Login s earch Username: Advanced search — Password: Login Search in:| All Journals Books | BibliographicDatabases Case Studies | Site Pages ~ Athens/Institutional login ~ Forgot password? Search for Welcome: Guest in Allfields * All © Any © Phrase [AND a in Allfields Search for: in: Al content + [Ge OR Match: Belge Advanced search NGE - in Allfields + Marked lists Match: Any ‘_) Phrase Browse: Limit the search to: Books & J Is. = alle tems published between: All + and All + Bibliographic Databases: Include in results: EarlyCite Articles |¥| Emerald Backfiles Case Studies: Within: Product Information: All content My subscribed content | 5) For Journals  Mobile ContactUs SiteMap Support Register Admini Home > Advanced search: All @ Login , earch Username: Advanced search nulla Password: Login Search in:| All Journals Books BibliographicDatabases Case Studies Site Pages - Athens/Institutional login - Forgot password? Search for Welcome: Guest manag* in All fields 7 oe & ‘ol Search for. Match: @ All 2 Any — Phrase AND + in Allfields * Match all © any © Phrase in: All content + | Go Advanced search AND ~ I in All fields * @a& ef Marked lists Match: ‘@ All) Any “—! 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Backfiles content New search | Modify search | Add saved search alert | Search in results: Icon key: ¥ You have access to this item |B Backfiles |E Earlycite A) Abstract only Journals: View all 170183 results 1 Managing project portfolios: balancing flexibility and structure by improvising Type: Research paper Author(s): Anna Jerbrant, Tina Karrbom Gustavsson Source: International Journal of Managing Projects in Business Volume: 6 Issue: 12013 Please login | WPreview | Abstract & purchase [HTML & PDF (116kb) available] | Related items | Reprints & permissions 2 Sustainable development and project stakeholder management: what standards say Type: Research paper Author(s): Pernille Eskerod, Martina Huemann Source: International Journal of Managing Projects in Business Volume: 6 Issue: 12013 Please login | WPreview | Abstract & purchase [HTML & PDF (92kb) available] | Related items | Reprints & permissions 3 Robust project portfolio management: capability evolution and maturity Type: Research paper Author(s): Catherine P. Killen, Robert A. Hunt Source: International Journal of Managing Projects in Business Volume: 6 Issue: 1 2013 • Proximity searching A proximity search allows you to specify how close two (or more) words must be to each other in order to register a match. There are three types of proximity searches: •Word proximity •Sentence proximity •Paragraph proximity • Advanced Retrieval Techniques •Fuzzy searching •Query expansion •Multiple databases searching • Fuzzy searching It is designed to find out terms that are spelled incorrectly at data entry and query point. For example the term computer could be misspelled as compter, compiter, or comyter. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) or compressed texts could also result in erroneous results. Fuzzy searching is designed for detection and correction of spelling errors that result from OCR and text compression. • Query expansion Query expansion is a retrieval technique that allows the end user to improve retrieval performance by revising search queries based on results already retrieved. • CD-ROM systems • CD-ROM systems are usually searched locally and it works if the systems are not networked. • Basic retrieval techniques are supported in CD-ROM systems while advanced search facilities are applied in limited scope. • The data which is stored on compact disc (CD) can to read by any computer operating systems and any CD- ROM drive. Example: LISA • OPAC • Online public access catalogs (OPACs) are traditional catalogs executed in a different medium. • Different features of OPACs are • First, OPACs contains bibliographic information about library resources. • Second, OPACs can be considered as an extension of MARC records. • Third, OPACs support at least field searching, keyword searching and Boolean searching. • Examples:- Library of congress catalogue, University of Punjab online catalogue. • Web information Retrieval Systems • It deals with text as well as multimedia information resources that are linked with other documents and there is no target user’s community as such. • Basically web is a platform where anyone from anywhere can publish virtually any information, in any language or in any format. • Examples, Google, Alta Vista Drug release: It is a process by which a drug leaves a drug product and is subjected to ADME and eventually becoming available for pharmacological action. Mathematical models are based on different mathematical functions, which describe the dissolution profile. It includes the zero order, first order ,higuchi ,Korsmeyer Peppas plot ,Hixson- Crowell, Weibull etc. • ZERO ORDER MODEL • Drug dissolution from dosage forms that do not disaggregate and release the drug slowly can be represented by equation: Q -Q₀-Q T=K0t • Where Q0 = initial drug conc. Qt = amount of drug released in time t kt= zero order constant T = time • Application –modified release pharmaceutical dosage form Like coated form, osmotic system, transdermal system etc. • Example: Ibuprofen sustain release Graph is plotted between cumulative % drug release on Y-axis and time on X-axis • HIGUCHI MODEL • First example of mathematical model aimed to describe drug release from a matrix system was proposed by higuchi in 1961. Model based on hypotheses that • Initial drug concentration in matrix is much higher than drug solubility • Drug diffusion takes place only in one dimension • Drug particles are much smaller than system thickness Drug diffusivity is constant. • Perfect sink conditions are maintained Higuchi describe drug release as a diffusion process based in Fick's law ,square root of time dependent. According to model expression: ft=Q=A√D(2C-Cs)Cst where, Q is the amount of drug released in time t by surface unity, C is the initial concentration of the drug, Cs is drug solubility in matrix media D is diffusivity of drug molecules in matrix substances • To study the dissolution from a planar heterogeneous matrix system, where the drug concentration in the matrix is lower than its solubility and the release occurs through pores in the matrix, the obtained relation was the following • ft=Q=√Dє(2C-єCs)Cst/ҐҐ • Where, • Q is the amount of drug released in time t by surface unity, • C is the initial concentration of the drug, • є is the matrix porosity,  • Ґ is the toruosity factor of the capillary system, • C is the drug solubility in the matrix /Ґ s excipient media and D the diffusion constant • Application: useful for comparing the release properties of matrix type drug delivery. • Limitations: There is not any kinetic fundamental and could only describe, but does not adequately characterize the dissolution kinetics properties of drug. There is not any single parameter related with the intrinsic dissolution rate of the drug. It is not limited use for establishing in-vivo in-vitro correlation. A graph is plotted between log drug release vs log time HIXSON-CROWELL MODEL • Hixson-crowell recognized that the particles regular area is proportional to the cube root of its volume They derived the equation: W01/3 – Wt1/3=Ks Where, Wo is the initial amount of drug in dosage form, Wt is the remaining amount of drug t in the dosage form at time t and Ks is a constant incorporating the surface–volume relation. • It describes the drug release by dissolution and considers the surface area and geometrical shape of dissolving entity. • This model used to describes the release profile keeping in mind the diminishing surface of drug particles during dissolution. A graph is plotted between cube root of drug % remaining vs time. e ELECTRONIC PRESCRIBING AND ROBOTICS • E-Prescribing is an electronic avenue that sends prescriptions directly from the physician’s office to the pharmacy while storing prescription data in the patient’s electronic medical record (EMR) or electronic health record (EHR). • To the patients, e-prescribing is simply the electronic version of a paper prescription order. • The supporting technology also covers the entire process of order creation, tracking, fulfillment of prescriptions, as well as the database maintenance of the prescribing physicians, clinic locations, pharmacies, and benefits checking. WHAT ARE NEEDED IN E-PRESCRIBING? When a patient visits the doctor and is prescribed medications, a physician who e-prescribes will have already been set up with 1) An Electronic Medical Record (EMR) system that supports e-prescribing, and 2) An account with an e-prescribing technology provider which serves as a data clearing house for electronic prescriptions Here’s what it looks like: Image © from LearnHealthTech.com c = at cu = cS PHARMACY PHYSICIAN E-PRESCRIBING t DATA HUB ? PATIENTS SAMPLE E-PRESCRIPTION (DOCTOR’S) 7G doxycycline hyclate 100 ma Cap = Selected — |Quantity 30 Capsule, " Sig 1 Capsule twice a day by mouth si R Write Prescription io Allergy Warnings | Inieractions 4 | >| Strength Instructions Dispensed Meds in Office By Par f100 eng po-by mouth =| & grand Medically Necessary Form Retils r RX. Outside WS Frewew [Capsule ai | ia | rere HP Color Lasexet 4600 Route Start Oote Print DEA # Oral Aug 31,2012 7) patient weight | Oe Send Quantity [CaAsule = End Qate 1 Lock end date R 30 a Feb 27.2013 Dosage recommendations =I sf Preview ~ are not available for this Dosage [Capsute a medication Add To Favontes : Y P; 1 [gy =| Frequency Provider Patent bid -twiceaday - [Or Wiliam A Richards a Edicaton Instructional Hotes | Pharmacy Motes | Complex Prescription Pe wilh food | ‘Sig Crarecters Remaining: 90) ® Pending A ADVANTAGES • Increases patient safety done through warning systems and alerts at the point of prescription that flag potentially harmful drug interactions, drug allergies, and dosage errors. • Eliminates legibility errors and aids in stream lining the overall prescription process by reducing the need for call- backs from pharmacists to verify prescription information. • Refills Helps request, receive and authorize refills much easier. •Convenience provides a great amount of convenience and flexibility to the physician. INTRODUCTION OF PATIENT MONITORING Systems  The Patient Monitoring System (PMS) is a very critical monitoring systems, it is used for monitoring physiological signals including Electrocardiograph (ECG), Respiration , Invasive and Non-Invasive Blood Pressure, Oxygen Saturation in Human Blood (SpO2), Body Temperature and other Gases etc.  In PMS, the multiple sensor and electrodes is used for receiving physiological signals like as ECG Electrodes, SpO2Finger Sensor, Blood Pressure Cuff and Temperature Probe to measure the physiological signals.  During treatment, it is highly important to continuously monitor the vital physiological signs of the patient. Therefore , patient monitoring systems has always been occupying a very important position in the field of medical devices.  The continuous improvement of technologies not only helps us transmit the vital physiological signs to the medical personnel but also simplifies the measurement and as a result raises the monitoring efficiency of patients. Classes of Patient Monitoring System  In the past, the dominant products manufactured by medical device manufacturers are mainly those for single parameter measurement. Nowadays however, a multi-parameter patient monitor is commonly used.  1.Single-Parameters Monitoring Systems  2.Multi-Parameter Patient Monitoring Systems Single-Parameters Monitoring Systems The single parameter monitoring system is available for measuring blood pressure of a human body, ECG (Electrocardiograph) monitor, SpO2 (Oxygen Saturation in Blood) monitor etc. Multi-Parameter Patient Monitoring System  A multi-parameter Patient Monitoring System (PMS) is used for multiple critical physiological signs of the patient to transmit the vital information like Electro cardiograph , Respiration Rate, Blood pressure etc. Therefore, multi PMS has always been occupying a very significant position in the field of medical devices. ECG MONITORING  The principal physiological signal monitored in an intensive care unit is often the electrocardiogram. The electrocardiogram is usually monitored in the lead-II configuration with two active electrodes.  These two electrodes are placed approximately 12inches apart along the maximum potential axis of the subject’s heart.  A third electrode (ground) should be located elsewhere on the chest. This electrocardiogram monitoring configuration is referred to as three-lead chest cluster.  The electrodes used for ECG monitoring during intensive care must be suited for long term monitoring applications.  The set of leads used for monitoring purpose is called ‘rhythm’ strip and its purpose is just to note the heart beat and not for analyzing it. Blood Pressure Monitoring  The second physiological parameter often of prime importance in intensive care monitoring is blood pressure.  Korotkoff system-Riva-Rocci Method  Blood pressure can be monitored using the automatic cuff pump and Korotkoff microphone blood- pressure measurement system this system is occasionally used in intensive care units. ,  It also possesses the disadvantage of it does not provide a continuous record of the subject’s blood pressure.  Thus, if for some reason the subjects blood pressure were to suddenly drop, this system may take some minutes or so to detect this pressure drop. Plethysmograph  Blood pressure monitoring with plethysmograph offers the least discomfort to the subject; however, it provides only a relative indication of the well being of the circulatory system rather than providing absolute values for diastolic and systolic pressure.  Digital blood pressure monitors are now-a-days often used in many intensive care units. Any intensive care unit may employ one or more of these techniques and indeed all three may be available if required.  Some central stations duplicate physiological indicators for relative blood pressure, respiratory activity and body temperature.  These indicators can be manually switched between the four beds or the switching may be activated by the alarm system with the monitors being automatically switched to the bed providing the alarm signal.  When an alarm is received at the central nurse’s station, it may also be used to connect the appropriate ECG signal to as can converter and ECG chart recorder and to start the chart recorder. Chart recorder starled by alarm logic Relative Alarm olactronica : a blood From subject and alarm logic n pressure mendoring ate equipment 1 Rasprator £2 a atlty y + Aaa 4-Chanrel “~~ Body tha] CScillosonpe | "| lemperature By OG) Manmzal selection J or controlled by alarm logic ‘ “ ! Channel tape loop ‘ ECG Hebe Dent yal Tad lhe ' eal antl chat memory of ECG ' recorder t | ' AA Sean commenter Judo visual oontral —— To closed circall system for Information display throughout hospital Alphanumeric inpul forTV syetem From TY camera above subjecis Present Parameters in Patient Monitoring System  ECG 3/5/10 leads  Respiration  Invasive Blood Pressure (IBP)  Non Invasive Blood Pressure(NIBP)  Pulse Oxy Meter (SpO2)