Contemporary World: World of Regions, Exercises of Contemporary History

Download Contemporary World: World of Regions and more Exercises Contemporary History in PDF only on Docsity! World of Regions Reading 1: Ideas Summary/Explanation Introduction: The Starbucks and the Shanty Starbucks and The Shanty are examples of globalization's effects. We may also witness the worldwide connection and modernity that globalization has brought. But, according to my understanding, the effect of global modernity and worldwide connection of globalization may be seen through Starbucks. Starbucks has locations in Melbourne, Manila, New York, and New Delhi. All of these locations have the same appearance and drink menus. We may say that globalization has progressed as a result of this. However, outside of this sophisticated attractive cafe, things are drastically different since you will see the undersides of globalization, which is poverty. A kid beggar in torn clothes and worn-out footwear can be found in Manila and Delhi. The houses are also made of scrap plywood and galvanized iron sheets, and they have terrible hygiene, hence the name "Shanty" or "Shanties." They live in so-called weak states, in which governments are too impoverished, weak, corrupt, and insecure to meet the basic requirements of their inhabitants. Despite the fact that New York has shanties similar to those in New Delhi, the city is also a hotbed of large-scale injustice. Harlem may be impoverished, but it does not have a large number of child laborers. Starbucks and The Shanty could be compared to the globalization's incompleteness in the global south. The Shanty reflects the persistence of the local, who is unable to join in Starbucks' international society. The global south's underdevelopment is preventing it from becoming globalized, highlighting the process' underlying inequity. Poverty is backward, non-modern, non-cosmopolitan, and non-global, to use a few terms. This type of globalization is inequitable. To summarize, Starbucks and Shanty are symbols that might be compared to the global south in globalization, where global modernity exists but poverty remains international. Additionally, Starbucks and The Shanty are both about the negative aspects of globalization. Conceptualizing and Defining The Global South and the States are addressed in Conceptualizing and Defining. Those involved in social and political action against global inequality should pay special attention to the global south. Conceptualizing and Defining, as far as I can tell, are more concerned with inequality and imbalances in the global south, as well as unequal global power arrangements. The Global South is utilized as a rallying point for countries that have been harmed by institutions' brutal economic "cure." Underdevelopment of states and peoples, as well as their lack of representation in the global political process, were also featured. The phrase "Worldwide South" is used by academics and activists to describe the global divide. The global south is both a reality and an unfinished project. The term "Global South" is more of a metaphor for the appearance of cohesion that arose as former colonial countries engaged in political decolonization programs and pushed toward the establishment of a new world order. international order in the postcolonial era Third World, developing world, and global south are phrases used to describe globalization's interstate inequities. Those involved in asocial and political movement against global inequality must first understand the global south. Drawing borders between the global south and the global north, the developed and developing first worlds, the first and third worlds, serves an important political function: it allows critics and activists to distinguish between the beneficiaries of unequal global power regimes. Colonialism, Modernity, and the Creation of Global Inequality Colonialism, Modernity, and the Creation of Global Inequality is a book about colonialism, modernity, and the creation of global inequality. colonization of several countries Also, to define the term "Global South" and to situate the history of international politics in its larger context. The global south, as far as I can tell, is a product of Western imagination. During the monarchy of Spain, it did begin the larger history of world politics. They saw the New World as a place where Christians could be evangelized. Another Civilisatrice was a French mission that saw colonization as a vital weapon for the spread of civilization, which enabled the conquest of sections of Africa and Southeast Asia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. the twentieth century. When the United States colonized the Philippine Islands in 1898, it used a similar reasoning to set itself apart from European colonial powers. Colonialism was portrayed in a paternalistic light, obfuscating the reality of the situation. the colonial project's violence in both the French and British processes Cases from the United States. The logic of the civilizational discourse shaped the birth of the international order. Through theories that either homogenize the global south or describe its progress in linear terms, colonial logic continues to permeate into the lexicon of world politics. Growth has become the grand plan for transforming the subjectivity of Latin Americans and people in the Third World. When a result, even as movements from below modify these structures via resistance, those who govern the global south continue to envision and reimagine it. The metaphors used by conservative political scientists and economists to describe the tensions of globalization also have a propensity to overdetermine and reify the global south. If representations of global marginality arise partially as a reaction to universalist ideologies like Samuel Huntington, Francis Fukuyama, Thomas Friedman, and Manfred Steger the global south may now increasingly defining itself against globalism. As it has been articulated in various forms, the global south has been the specter and necessary and Asia. Asia. The precise limits of Asia have frequently been drawn along cultural or political lines. Rather than being based on any apparent geographical logic, it is based on political lines. Asia The Pacific refers to the region of the world in or around Asia and Pacific Ocean. East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania are all represented. Also, it includes 'Pacific Rim' economies like as Canada, the United States, and Australia. Chile, Mexico, and Peru are all countries in South America. South Asia and even Australia are sometimes included under Asia Pacific. Central Asia, despite the fact that it does not normally do so. The Asia-Pacific region, as well as South Asia, have linguistic and cultural differences with a 35 percent share of global GDP, the region's economies now create the most. However, despite this, Despite the region's economic expansion, millions of people are still impacted by poverty, malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, gender inequality, and other socio-economic issues. Another factor is that Asia Pacific and South Asia have emerged as a new political force in the world during the last decade. Much of this is fueled by China's and India's strong economic growth and the strategic implications this has for regional and global players, and it all has economic and strategic significance in today's global system. Overall, the Asia-Pacific region, as well as South Asia and the rest of the world, has become a major player in global politics. An Externalist View of Globalization Globalization from an Externalist Perspective is concerned with an external phenomenon. Globalization can be regarded as a process that transforms the Asia Pacific and South Asia, and it is being pushed into the region by world powers. According to my understanding, the region's more technologically and industrially sophisticated Western nations arrived and alternately coaxed and muscled their way to political and economic control. At the time, Western supremacy was based on a number of factors, ranging from natural and ecological advantages to various social, political, and cultural features. Over time and space, the mode of colonial rule and dominance changed. and the passage of time Europeans brought with them new economic practices, religious beliefs, cultural values, and governmental systems, all of which had a significant impact on the individual locations. Even places that were not subject to colonial control had to deal with the effects of Western influence. Japan, Thailand, the Philippines, and many other countries are examples. Nationalism and independence movements arose in many parts of the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including the Asia Pacific and South Asia. These movements were also the result of a world that was becoming increasingly globalized. National identity, according to nationalism scholars, has its roots in the emergence of western industrialization and capitalism. It was created and then manifested politically in real ways. Latin America and Asia, for example, were colonial areas with a lot of movement. In the late 1980s and 1990s, the success of East Asian economies was followed by the explosive expansion of Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund both played a role in the rise of financial investment in Southeast Asia. They shifted their focus to the developing globe, particularly Southeast Asia. By the mid-1990s, the policies that had propelled economies to high levels of growth had reached their limits. Bad policies, weak governance, corruption, poor institutions, and inadequate liberalization, according to the IFIs and orthodox economists, caused the crisis. Recently, the focus has shifted away from Southeast Asia and toward China and India. China's economy began to liberalize in the late 1970s, and India's economy began to liberalize in 1991. The fall of Indonesia's Suharto administration in 1999 is instructive. Suharto had ruled Indonesia for more than 30 years. However, the increasingly globalized globe had begun to erode Suharto's position, laying the groundwork for his demise. Finally, one of the most common criticisms of globalization has been its cultural consequences. Globalization, according to critics, is causing cultural uniformity and the extinction of cultural diversity. Overall, one perspective on the relationship between globalization and the environment is as follows: The Asia Pacific and South Asian regions are primarily one-way processes. The region has undergone profound and far-reaching changes as a result of external factors. In ways that would not have happened otherwise, for better or ill. Generating Globalization: The Asia Pacific and South Asia as a Springboard An alternative way to see the relationship between globalization and the Asia Pacific and South Asia is one where the region is more of an autonomous agent serving as an engine for globalization. This framework mirrors a broader intellectual change in scholarship that seeks to re-interpret the facile narrative that globalization is simply a form of Westernization imposing itself upon Asia. Colonialism was not simply a practice of Western domination, but also productive of what we think of as Western and modern. Practices and technologies such as counterinsurgency, surveillance, and torture were developed and perfected in the colonial Philippines before making their way back to the core of the US national security state. In the Dutch East Indies, the colonial experience in the realm of the intimate influenced European notions of sexuality and social reform (Stoler, 2010). South Asia and, in particular, India is often mentioned in the same breath as China for its scale and impact on globalization. The implications here are political as well as economic. India too has opened upend emphasized an export-oriented strategy. It is also playing a key role in global service provision as trends in outsourcing and off-shoring increase. Remittances from migrants have become a core source of income for many of the region's economies. In 2007, India, China, and the Philippines were three of the top four recipient states of migrant remittances totaling US$70 billion (Kee, Yoshimatsu and Osaki,2010: 32). In other words, the region is both the source and recipient of the influences of the massive globalization of migration. The region is the source of a wide variety of cultural phenomena that have also spread outward to the West and the rest of the world. Much of this has come to be understood as the spread of a kawaii or 'cute ‘culture, or what some have called 'Pink Globalization' (Yano, 2009: 681–;8). The region continues to push for a vision of regional cooperation that is consistent with and advances globalization. The Anti-Global Impulse: Regional Alternatives to Globalization Asia Pacific and South Asia is seen as a regional alternative to globalization in part because of the rising critical discourse of globalization resonates in much of the region and because the idea of Asian exceptionalism has been prevalent both historically and in contemporary times. The arguments from this perspective see the region as a source of resistance to globalization or to global or Western powers through the lens of regionalism. The failure of the Co-prosperity. Sphere was a result not only of Japan's loss in World War II but also of the overt racism of Japan itself towards its supposed co-members. A more recent manifestation has been the concept of Asian values that became popular among leaders in the region in the 1990s. Proponents argued that Asia has culturally distinct characteristics that make it different from Western liberal democracies. East Asia Economic Caucus (EAEC) was pushed as early as 1990 as an alternative to APEC, more precisely an APEC without Western states. The proposed member states were ASEAN, China, South Korea and Japan. The United States strongly objected and at the time, Japan saw the exclusion of the United States as a threat to their strategic partnership and effectively vetoed the idea. Today's ASEAN +3 (APT) is seen as a successor to the EAEC but because it is embedded in a slew of other institutional arrangements, is not seen as the radical alternative of the earlier vision. Jamaat Islami (JI) is infamous for the 2002 Bali bombings which took place in a nightclub in Kuta and killed more than 200 people, mostly Australian and other foreign nationals. JI's alleged goals are to create an Islamic state in Indonesia followed by a Pan-Islamic caliphate incorporating Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei and the southern Philippines. The point here is that JI has articulated an alternative vision of political and social organization in the region that clashes directly with the paradigm of globalization. Community currency is an example of a larger trend in self-sufficiency movements that emerged in Thailand after the Asian financial crisis. The currency can be used to purchase various commodities but cannot be used outside of participating villages and cannot be exchanged for Thailand’s national currency, the baht. Homemade currencies are not exclusive to Asia but they did take on a new prominence in the wake of economic turmoil. Conclusion The Asia Pacific and South Asia region can be seen as an object of globalization, a subject of globalization, or an alternative to globalization. Some argue that what we see today is but a dual process of 'hybridization' (Shinji and Eades, 2003: \r 6). Cultures are dynamic and emerge and adapt in the context of external and