Error Management in Human-Computer Interaction, Exams of Study of Commodities

Download Error Management in Human-Computer Interaction and more Exams Study of Commodities in PDF only on Docsity! COSC 3p94 Midterm & Final Exam Complete Study Guide. Mapping - Correct answer the link between what you want to do and what is perceived possible. It is the relationship between moving a control, and the results in the real world. Natural Mapping - Correct answer takes advantage of physical analogies and cultural standards for immediate understanding Affordances - Correct answer the perceived and actual properties of the thing, primarily those fundamental properties that determine just how the thing could possibly be used. Affordances provide us clues on how to operate a device Constraints - Correct answer Limits to the perceived operation of a device (e.g. a small hole vs. a large hole- we might be able to use only one finger in the small hole, while we might be able to use multiple fingers in a large hole) Conceptual Model - Correct answer our mental simulation of a device's operation (mental model?) These can be based on MAPPINGS, AFFORDANCES and CONSTRAINTS. Mental Model - Correct answer models people have of themselves, others, their environment, and the things they interact with (CONCEPTUAL MODELS are part of this) Feedback - Correct answer Sending information back to the user about what action has actually been done and what result was accomplished Keystroke Level Model (KLM) - Correct answer - Predictive model that attempts to determine a numerical prediction of user performance - Defines operators as primitives - Collections of primitives are combined to form higher level units Why human factors are often neglected? - Correct answer - no algebra (yet) - plan carefully, implement carefully, still not guaranteed success Elements of HCI -> Behavior vs. Design - Correct answer UI design -screen layout&colour = 20% -Behavior = 80% User interface is what people see & use - Correct answer -> user effectiveness & throughput -> User satisfaction -> Market success of product -> Error rates -> Ergonomics -> Stress Syntax - Correct answer - refers to the device specific details - How to knowledge - Primitive actions - write down procedure - rehearse - System dependent - Most things can be forgotten, e.g. if one step is forgotten then the rest might be useless Semantic - Correct answer - concept based - can be applied across multiple platforms - Users understand concepts much better than remembering details - Users who understand the concepts will work out the details themselves - Concepts are hard to learn but once learned stay in memory - Commitment to learn the concept is rewarded - Users who use concept knowledge can apply concepts to other software or other similar things Users that learn concept knowledge - Correct answer 1. Learn new s/w based on prior s/w 2. are able to figure out new things 3. Have powerful problem solving 4. Decomposition of large problems 5. Concepts are transferable Design Principles - Correct answer - One size does not fit all - Diversity - result of user population Novice - Correct answer -Inexperienced -Lack of confidence -Willingness to learn -Lack of domain knowledge -Confusion -Lack concepts & syntax -Emotional How should interfaces treat a novice? - Correct answer -tutorial based -basic working knowledge set -simplistic interface (restriction) -build a semantic knowledge -reduce ability to make errors -easy to undo errors -encourage users Knowledgeable User - Correct answer -Has concept knowledge -Experience -Willing to relearn -Forgot or misremembers syntax How should interfaces treat knowledgeable user? - Correct answer -More options in interface Constraints are important in suggesting what we should do - so what should they do? - Correct answer an object should suggest (afford) what it does (only one predictable outcome- GOOD MAPPING) Grouping Personas - Correct answer -Overlap happens -sort similar personas to eliminate duplicates -personas with similar tasks Primary Persona - Correct answer - The one person or group that the system must be designed for. - Avoid alienating this group Multiple Primary Personas - Correct answer should support multi interface design Creative people behaviors - Correct answer more spontaneous, habit free, non-conformist, aware of many different things, self-confident. They are capable of moving between a detached view of the "problem" and a highly involved, immersed view of it. Left brain competency features - Correct answer (analytic, problem-solving, memory, recall, practical & constructive) Fear is a blocking emotion, it leads to - Correct answer creates constraint & rejects risk taking Biggest enemy to creativity Control Habit - Correct answer belief there are good and bad habits. How to be creative, (4 paths) - Correct answer Involvement & detachment; looking at things from an involved inside view and also looking at things from a detached outside view. Deferment; don't jump to the first idea, look at more than one way & explore and examine. Speculation; be prepared to speculate even wildly, have fantasies. Autonomy; as a design takes shape, it begins to take a life of its own. Creative thinking according to James Swore: - Correct answer Associative - speculative, intuitive, spatial, emotional, divergent - right brain Analytical - factual, logical, Linguistic, rational, convergent - left brain (An example of Associate techniques) Synaptic; - Correct answer Look at unusual relationships; create new combinations from seemingly unrelated things. (An example of Associate techniques) Free Association; - Correct answer Take a word, phrase or idea and list everything that comes to mind when you think of that word. Brainstorming Strategy - Correct answer Ideal is 10-12 people, with one facilitator -> he focuses on coordinating and encouraging Categorization-> share and develop on wall Rationalization-> collect similar ideas Prioritize->organizing ideas by perceived value Re-brainstorm->take a step back Analyze->create action plan 6 hats Technique - Correct answer White -> facts Red -> emotion Blue -> control Black -> negative logical (why it can’t be done) Yellow -> positive speculative (why it will work) Green -> creative and new ideas Slip Definition - Correct answer Slip - error in executing action (subconscious -> intends to do one action & does something else) Understands system & goal -> correct formulation of action -> incorrect action Mistake Definition - Correct answer error in formulating intention & action (conscious) Capture Slips - Correct answer Defined as the situation where instead of the desired activity, a more frequently or recently performed one gets done instead Require that part of the action sequences involved in the two activities be identical with one sequence being far more familiar >error is automatic (learned behavior) Ex: well used interactive sequence e.g. SAVE.QUIT used inappropriately Open up browser and go to Facebook by accident out of habit Mode Error Slips: - Correct answer a mode error occurs when a device has different states in which the same controls have different meanings: we call these state modes More actions than controls or displays; controls mean different things in different modes >User perceives the system to be in a state that it is not Ex: drawing in soft word; mode is select rather than draw Ex: fm1 & fm2 in car changes the buttons Description similarity slips: - Correct answer Error is to act upon an item similar to the target; this is when the description of a target is sufficiently vague >execution of a correction action directed to the wrong target Ex: throwing laundry in a garbage can or trash in a laundry hamper Wanting to reply to sender but instead reply to all Loss of activation error: - Correct answer working memory failure Midway through an augmentative task used to achieve a goal you forget when the goal was. Ex: an internet search; go to Google with task in mind and forget once you arrive Backus talked about when you go into a room it’s like a reset in your brain Data driven errors: - Correct answer External data interfering with your action >unconscious data processing interference Ex: counting but someone says another number & you get lost Associative-Activation errors - Correct answer internal associations between tasks, e.g. Freudian slips Reflexive actions Similar to data driven error but internal semantic mismatch occurs instead >Internal thoughts interfering with your actions Ex: dismiss an important message box because you're used to spam Forcing Functions - Correct answer -takes user out of automatic performance -> forces user to think -constraining the user -> forcing user to do something else Ex) removing card from the ATM before you get your money to ensure that the user removes the card and does not forget it. 5 types of interaction styles - Correct answer Dam Menu system Form filling Command language Natural language DM system ADVANTAGES - Correct answer Visual, intuitive Easy to learn and retain Promotes recognition over recall Errors can be avoided easily Encourages exploration Users can easily see the results of their actions Highest reported rate of satisfaction DM system DISADVANTAGES - Correct answer Very hard to design and implement Hard to program concept and metaphors into a DM Slows down power users Multiple actions to get small results A good will have the look and feel that mimics; - Correct answer a task or process where users interact like an abstraction of the real thing E.g. office system/metaphor DM is a direct mapping between; - Correct answer the semantic level and the syntactic level What is the basis of DM (WYSIWYG) - Correct answer what you see is what you get is the basis of DM Execution and evaluation occur at the same time in which system? - Correct answer in a DM system Execution and evaluation occur at the same time