Graduate Theories of Counseling - Final Exam Latest Guide 2023, Exams of World Religions

Download Graduate Theories of Counseling - Final Exam Latest Guide 2023 and more Exams World Religions in PDF only on Docsity! COUN 5364 -Graduate Theories of Counseling - Final Exam Latest Guide 2023 updated.  William Glasser - ✅✅Founder of choice theory, the essence of reality therapy, now taught all over the world, is that we are all responsible for what we choose to do.  Robert Wubbolding - ✅✅(1) Director of the Center for Reality Therapy  (2) Extended the theory and practice of reality therapy with his conceptualization of the WDEP system.  The difference between Choice Theory and Reality Therapy? - ✅✅(1) Reality Therapy is a term used to describe the counselor and client's work together; Choice Theory is the theoretical construct which guides such work. It is a belief system based on an integration of psychology, behavior, systems, and genetics. I usually think of these as "bookends" and note I need both all of the time.  (2) Reality Therapy is the vehicle through which we are able to apply Choice Theory concepts. In a nutshell, events, beliefs, possessions, and situations that fulfill our needs  5. Our quality world is like a picture album.  Picture album - ✅✅1. We develop an inner picture album of specific wants as well as precise ways to satisfy these wants.  2. We are attempting to behave in a way that gives us the most effective control over our lies  3. Some pictures may be blurred, and the therapist's role is to help the client clarify them.  4. Pictures exists in priority for most people, yet clients may have difficulty identifying their priorities.  Total behavior - ✅✅(1) Teaches that all behavior is made up of four inseparable but distinct components— acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology —that necessarily accompany all of our actions, thoughts, and feelings.  What are the four components of total behavior? - ✅✅(1) acting,  (2) thinking,  (3) feeling, and  (4) physiology  Why does Choice Theory use verbs (e.g., angering) instead of nouns (e.g., anger)? - ✅✅(1) Glasser says that to speak of being depressed, having a headache, being angry, or being anxious implies passivity and lack of personal responsibility, and it is inaccurate.  (2) It is more accurate to think of these as parts of total behaviors and to use the verb forms to describe them.  (3) It is more accurate to think of people depressing or angering themselves rather than being depressed or being angry.  How is contemporary RT more relationally focused than in the past? - ✅✅(1) Focuses on the authentic encounter between therapist and client  (2) Therapy relationship as a key factor in treatment success Therapy is often considered as a mentoring process in which the therapist is the teacher and the client is the student.  (2) Reality therapists teach clients how to engage in self-evaluation, which is done by raising the question, "Is what you are choosing to do getting you what you want and need"  (3) The role of the therapist is to challenge client to examine what they are doing.  (4) Reality therapists assist clients in evaluating their own behavioral direction, specific actions, wants, perceptions, level of commitment, possibilities for new directions, and action plans.  (5) The job of the therapists is to convey the idea that no matter how bad things are, there is hope.  (CONT.) What are characteristics and behaviors of a reality therapist? - ✅✅The therapeutic relationship: oA fundamental task is for the therapist to create a good relationship with the client. oTherapists are then able to engage clients in an evaluation of all their relationships with respect to what they want and how effective they are in getting this. oTherapists find out what clients want, ask what they are choosing to do, invite them to evaluate present behavior, help them make plans for change, and get them to make a commitment. oThe therapist is a client's advocate, as long as the client is willing to attempt to behave responsibly.  What are the clients' responsibilities in the process of RT? - ✅✅(1) Clients are not expected to backtrack into the past or get sidetracked into talking about symptoms.  (2) Neither will much time be spent talking about feelings.  (3) They can expect to begin to use what they are taught in their life. counselor helps clients describe their choices, their self-talk (e.g., "even though my choices are ineffective, I'll continue to do the same thing"), and their feelings such as hurt, fear, anger, depression, and many others.  What occurs in the EVALUATING phase of the WDEP process? - ✅✅EVALUATING - Self-evaluation (the cornerstone in the practice of Reality Therapy) oSelf-evaluation questions:  Is what you're doing helping or hurting?  Is what you want realistically attainable?  Does your self-talk help or impede need satisfying choices?  What occurs in the PLANNING phase of the WDEP process? - ✅✅PLANNING - Much of the significant work of the counseling process involves helping clients identify specific ways to fulfill their wants and needs.  Once clients determine what they want to change, they are generally ready to explore other possible behaviors and formulate in action plan.  b. Plans should be SAMIC oSimple oAttainable oMeasurable o Immediate, and Involved oControlled by the planner  What are key strengths of RT from a multicultural perspective? - ✅✅(1) Focus is on clients making their own evaluation of behavior (including how they respond to their culture).  (2) Through personal assessment clients can determine the degree to which their needs and wants are being satisfied.  (3) The can find a balance between retaining their down ethic identity and integrating some of the vales and practices of the dominant society.  (2) Counselor needs to appreciate the role of discrimination and racism and help clients deal with social and political realities.  (3) 1) In working with clients from certain ethics groups, RT may not take fully into account some very real environmental forces that operate against them in their everyday lives.  (4) 2) Some RT therapist may make the mistake of too quickly or too forcefully stressing the ability of their clients to take charge of their lives.  (5) 3) Some clients are very reluctant to directly verbally express what they need. Their culture and norms may not reinforce them in assertively asking for what they want.  Who are the main influences/developers of contemporary FT? - ✅✅Jean Baker Miller  Carolyn Zerbe Enns  Olivia M. Espin  iv) Laura S. Brown  Jean Baker Miller - ✅✅Dr. Miller collaborated with diverse groups of scholars and colleagues on the development of relational-cultural theory. She made important contributions toward expanding this theory and exploring new applications to complex issues in psychotherapy and beyond, including issues of diversity, social action, and workplace change.  Carolyn Zerbe Enns - ✅✅Her most recent efforts are directed toward articulating the importance of multicultural feminist therapy, exploring the practice of feminist therapy around the world (especially in Japan), and writing about multicultural feminist pedagogies.  Olivia M. Espin - ✅✅specializes in counseling and therapy with women from different cultures and Latin American Studies. She is a pioneer in the theory and practice of feminist therapy with women from different cultural backgrounds and has done extensive rooted in one's biologically based gender. Men were assumed to be the norm and were the only group studied or understood within the normative construct. It was also assumed that because of biological gender differences women and men would pursue different directions if life.  Worell and Remer are critical of traditional theories for being  androcentric (using male-oriented constructs to draw conclusions about human, including female, nature),  (ii) gendercentric (proposing two separate paths of development for women and men,  (iii) heterosexist (viewing a heterosexual orientation as normative and desirable and devaluing lesbian, gay male, and bisexual orientations),  (iv) deterministic (assuming that personality patterns and behavior are fixed at an early stage of development), and  (v) Having an intrapsychic orientation (attributing behavior to internal causes, which often results in blaming the victim and ignoring sociocultural ad political factors).  (b) Worell and Remer describe the constructs of feminist theory as being gender fair, flexible-multicultural, interactionist, and life-span-oriented.  Gender-fair approaches explain differences in the behavior of women and men in terms of socialization processes rather than on the basis of our "innate" natures, thus avoiding stereotypes in social roles and interpersonal behavior.  (ii) A flexible-multicultural perspective uses concepts and strategies that apply equally to individuals and groups regardless of age, race, culture, gender, ability, class, or sexual orientation.  (iii) The interactionist view contains concepts specific to the thinking, feeling, and behaving dimensions of human experience and accounts for contextual and environmental factors.  (2) According to Bern, men, as the dominant group, define and determine the roles that women play. Because women occupy a subordinate position, to survive and thrive in society they must be able to interpret the needs and behaviors of the dominant group. To that end, women have developed "women's intuition" and have included in their gender schema an internalized belief that women are less important than men.  (3) Understanding and acknowledging internalized oppression is central in feminist work.  (4) Women and men who reject traditional roles are saying that they are entitled to express the complex range of characteristics that are appropriate for different situations and that they are open to their vulnerability as human beings  What are the six core principles of FT according to your text? Differentiate between each. - ✅✅(1) The personal is political  (2) Commitment to a social change  (3) Women's and girl's voices and ways of knowing are valued and their experiences are honored  (4) The counseling relationship is egalitarian  (5) A focus on strengths and a reformulated definition of psychological distress  (6) All types of oppression are recognized  The personal is political - ✅✅This principle is based upon the assumption that the personal or individual problems that individuals bring to counseling originate in a political and social context.  Commitment to a social change - ✅✅Feminist therapy aims not only for individual change but for social change. The goal is to advocate a different vision of societal organization that frees both women and men from the constraints imposed by gender-role expectations.  All types of oppression are recognized - ✅✅Clients can best be understood in the context of their sociocultural environments. Feminist therapists acknowledge that social and political inequalities have a negative effect on all people. Feminist therapists work to help individuals make changes in their lives, but they also are committed to working toward social change that will liberate all members of society from stereotyping, marginalization, and oppression.  What are the goals of FT? - ✅✅(1) Text:  At the individual level, feminist therapist work to help females and males recognize claim, and embrace their personal power.  Feminist therapists also work toward reinterpreting women's mental health. Their aim is to de-pathologize women's experiencing and to influence society so that female voices are honored and relational qualities are valued. oTable:  To bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society  To assist clients in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal power to free themselves from the limitations of gender-role socialization.  To confront all forms of institutional policies that discriminate or oppress on any basis.  What are key characteristics and behaviors of a counselor using FT? - ✅✅(1) The therapeutic relationship is based on empowerment and egalitarianism  (2) Therapists actively break down the hierarchy of power and reduce  What is the role of the client in FT? - ✅✅(1) Clients are active participants in the therapeutic process.  (2) Appropriate self-disclosure is affirmed within feminist therapy.  (3) Feminist therapists do not restrict their practice to female clients; the relationship is always a partnership.  (4) The client will be the expert in determining what he or she needs and wants from therapy.  (5) Clients need to be prepared for major shifts in their way of viewing the world around them, changes in the way they perceive themselves, and transformed interpersonal relationships.  How does FT view diagnosis? - ✅✅(1) Feminist therapist have been sharply critical of the DSM classification system, and research indicates that gender, culture, and race may influence assessment of clients' symptoms.  (2) From the perspective of feminist therapy, diagnostic criteria were established through a system that views male gender-role traits as "normative."  (3) The feminist approach emphasizes the importance of considering the gender-normative context of men and women's lives and points out that many symptoms can be understood as coping or survival strategies rather than as evidence of pathology.  (4) Using the DSM-IV-TR, depression is diagnosed twice as often in women as in men. Feminist therapist believe women have many more reasons to experience depression than do men, and they often frame depression as a normative experience for women.  (5) Perhaps the potentially most damaging diagnosis is borderline personality disorder, a diagnosis usually assigned to and critical of women.  (6) Feminist therapists do not refuse to use the DSM-IV-TR in this age of managed care and the prevalence of the medical model of mental health, but therapists who participate in the process of diagnosis have a responsibility to challenge the current diagnostic system.  (2) The aim is to provide the client with insight into the ways social issues are affecting her.  (3) By placing the client's concern in the context of societal expectations, the therapist gives the client insight into how these expectations have affected her psychological condition ad have contributed to her feeling anxious about judgment from others.  group work - ✅✅(1) Groups share a common denominator emphasizing support for the experience of women.  (2) Groups can provide women with a social network, decrease feelings of isolation, create an environment that encourages sharing of experiences, and help women realize that they are not alone in their experiences.  (3) Groups provide a supportive context where women can share and begin to critically explore the messages they have internalized about their self- worth and their place in society.  power analysis - ✅✅(1) Power analysis refers to the range of methods aimed at helping clients understand how unequal access to power and resources can influence personal realities.  (2) Together therapists and clients explore how inequities or institutional barriers often limit self-definition and well-being.  (3) Interventions are aimed at helping the client learn to appreciate herself as she is, regain her self- confidence based on the personality attributes she possesses, and set goals that will be fulfilling to her within the context of her cultural values.  social action - ✅✅(1) Social action, or social activism, is an essential quality of feminist therapy.  (2) As clients become more grounded in their understanding of feminism, therapist may suggest that clients become involved in activities such as volunteering at a rape crisis center, etc. Participating in such activities can empower clients and help them see the  What are key shortcomings of FT from a multicultural perspective? - ✅✅(1) This model has been criticized for its bias toward the values of White, middle- class, heterosexual women, which are not applicable to many other groups of women nor to men.  (2) Therapists need to assess with their clients the price of making significant personal change which may result in isolation from extended family as clients assume new roles and make life changes.  What are key contributions of FT? - ✅✅(1) The feminist perspective is responsible for encouraging increasing members of women to question gender stereotypes and to reject limited views of what a woman is expected to be.  (2) It is paving the way for gender- sensitive practice and bringing attention to the gendered uses of power in relationships.  (3) The unified feminist voice brought attention to the extent and implications of child abuse, incest, rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence.  (4) Feminist principles and interventions can be incorporated in other therapy approaches.  What are key limitations of FT? - ✅✅(1) A possible limitation is the potential for therapists to impose a new set of values on clients—such as striving for equality, power in relationships, defining oneself, freedom to pursue a career outside the home, and the right to an education.  (2) Therapists need to keep in mind that clients are their own best experts, which means it is up to them to decide which values to live by.  Who are some of the founders of contemporary postmodern therapies? - ✅✅(1) Insoo Kim Berg  (2) Steve de Shazer  (3) Michael White  (4) David Epston between postmodernism and traditional psycho-logical perspectives  Social constructionist theory invites a critical stance toward taken-for-granted knowledge.  Social constructionists believe the language and concepts we use to generally understand the world are historically and culturally specific  Social constructionists assert that knowledge is constructed through social processes. What we consider to be truth" is a product of daily interactions between people in daily life.  Negotiated understandings are considered to be practices that affect social life rather than being abstractions from it.  What is meant by a counselor taking a not-knowing position when working with clients? - ✅✅(1) In the "not-knowing position", therapists still retain all of the knowledge and personal, experiential capacities they have gained over years of living, but they allow themselves to enter the conversation with curiosity and with an intense interest in discovery.  (2) The aim is to enter a client's world as fully as possible.  (3) Clients become the experts who are informing and sharing with the therapist the significant narratives of their lives.  (4) The not-knowing position is empathic and is most often characterized by questions that "come from an honest, continuous therapeutic posture of not understanding too quickly."  What is Solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT)? - ✅✅(1) Solution-focused brief therapy is a future-focused, goal- oriented therapeutic approach to brief therapy developed initially by Steve de Shazar and Insoso Kim. SFBT emphasizes strengths and resiliencies of people by stark contrast to the traditional models of therapy that tend to be problem- focused.  Basic Assumptions guiding practice - Walter and Peller think of solution-focused brief therapy as a model that explains how people change and how they can reach their goals.  What are the goals of SFBT? - ✅✅(1) The SFBT therapist believes people have the ability to define meaningful personal goals and that they have the resources required to solve their problems.  (2) Goals are unique to each client and are constructed by the client to create a richer future.  (3) SF Therapist concentrate on small, realistic, achievable changes that can lead to additional positive outcomes.  (4) SF offers several forms of goals: changing the viewing of a situation or a frame of reference, changing the doing of the problematic situation, and tapping client strengths and resources.  What are characteristics and behaviors of a counselor using SFBT? - ✅✅(1) Much of what the therapeutic process is about involves clients' thinking about their future and what they want to be different in their lives.  (2) FBT therapists adopt a not- knowing position to put clients in the position of being the experts about their own lives.  (3) Therapists do not assume that by virtue of their expert frame of reference they know the significance of the client's actions and experiences.  (4) The therapist's task is to point clients in the direction of change without dictating what to change.  (5) Therapists strive to create a climate of mutual respect, dialogue, ad affirmation in which clients experience the freedom to create, explore, and coauthor their evolving stories. dependent on someone else's actions.  Visitor - the client comes to therapy because someone else thinks the client has a problem.  Pre-therapy change - ✅✅(1) Simply scheduling an appointment often sets positive change in motion.  (2) These changes cannot be attributed to the therapy process itself, so asking about them tends to encourage clients to rely less on their therapist and more on their own resources to accomplish their treatment goals.  The miracle question - ✅✅(1) Therapy goals are developed by using what de Shazer calls the miracle question, which is a main SFBT technique.  (2) The therapist asks, "If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different?"  (3) This question has a future focus in that clients can begin to consider a different kind of life that is not dominated by a particular problem.  (4) This intervention shifts the emphasis from both past and current problems toward a more satisfying life in the future.  Scaling Questions - ✅✅(1) Solution- focused therapists also use scaling questions when change in human experiences are not easily observed, such as feelings, moods, or communication, and to assist clients in noticing that they are not completely defeated by their problem.  (2) Scaling questions enable clients to pay closer attention to what they are doing and how they can take steps that will lead to the changes they desire.  Formula First Session Task - ✅✅(1) The formula first session task (FFST) is a form of homework a therapist might give clients to complete between their first and second sessions. are already doing that is leading toward effective solutions.  A bridge - links the initial compliments to the suggested tasks that will be given. This bridge provides the rationale for the suggestions.  Suggesting a task. - can be considered homework.  Observational tasks ask clients to simply pay attention to some aspect of their lives.  (ii) This self-monitoring process help clients note the differences when things are better, especially what was different about the way they thought, felt, or behaved.  (iii) Behavioral tasks require that clients actually do something the therapist believes would be useful to them in constructing solutions.  (iv) A therapist's feedback to clients addresses what they need to do more of and do differently in order to increase the chances of obtaining their goals.  Terminating - ✅✅1. From the very first solution-focused interview, the therapist is mindful of working toward termination.  2. Once clients are able to construct a satisfactory solution, the therapeutic relationship can be terminated.  3. The initial goal-formation question that a therapist often ask is, "What needs to be different in your life as a result of coming here for you to say that meeting with me was worthwhile?"  4. Prior to ending therapy, therapists assist clients in identifying things they can do to continue the changes they have already made into the future.  5. The ultimate goal of solution- focused counseling is to end treatment.  6. Because this model of therapy is brief, present-centered, and addresses specific complains, it is very possible that clients will experience other developmental concerns at a later time.  Application to Group Counseling - ✅✅1. The solution-focused group practitioner believes that people are  The narrative therapy approach involves adopting a shift in focus from most traditional theories.  Therapists are encouraged to establish a collaborative approach with a special interest in listening respectfully to clients stores; to search for times in clients' lives when they were resourceful; to use questions as a way to engage clients and facilitate their exploration; to avoid diagnosing and labeling clients or accepting a totalizing description based on a problem; to assist clients in mapping the influence a problem has had on their lives; and to assist clients in separating themselves from the dominant stories they have internalized so that space can be opened for the creation of alternative life stories.  (4) The role of stories -  We live our lives by stories we tell about ourselves and that others tell about us.  These stories actually shape reality in that they construct and constitute what we see, feel, and do.  The stories we live by grow out of conversations in a social and cultural context.  Therapy clients do not assume the role of pathologized victims who are leading hopeless and pathetic lives; rather, they emerge as courageous victors who have vivid stories to recount.  The stories not only change the person telling the story, but also change the therapist.  (5) Listening with an open-mind -  All social constructionist theories emphasize listening to clients without judgment or blame, affirming and valuing assigning an all-embracing single description to the essence of the person.  The narrative perspective focuses on the capacity of humans for creative and imaginative thought, which is often found in their resistance to dominate discourse.  What are the goals of NT? - ✅✅(1) A general goal of narrative therapy is to invite people to describe their experience in new and fresh language. In doing this, they open up new visas of what is possible.  (2) This new language enables clients to develop new meanings for problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors  (3) Narrative therapy almost always includes an awareness of the impact of various aspects of dominant culture on human life.  (4) Narrative practitioners seek to enlarge the perspective and focus and facilitate the discovery or creation of new options that are unique to the people they see.  What are characteristics and behaviors of a counselor using NT? Pg. 412 - ✅✅(1) Narrative therapists are active facilitators  (2) The concepts of care, interest, respectful curiosity, openness, empathy, contact, and even fascination are seen as a relational necessity.  (3) The not-knowing position, which allows therapists to follow, affirm, and be guided by the stories of their clients, creates participant-observer and process-facilitator roles for the therapist and integrates therapy with a postmodern view of human inquiry.  (4) A main task of the therapist is to help clients construct a preferred story line.  (5) Like the Solution-focused therapist, the narrative therapist assumes the client is the expert when it comes to what he or she wants in life.  (6) The narrative therapist tends to avoid using language that embodies as a way to generate experience rather than to gather information.  (2) The aim of questioning is to progressively discover or construct the client's experience so that the client has a sense of a preferred direction.  (3) Therapists ask questions from a not-knowing position, meaning that they do not pose questions that they think they already know the answer to.  (4) Through the process of asking questions, therapists provide clients with an opportunity to explore various dimensions of their life situations.  (5) The questioning process helps bring out the unstated cultural assumptions that contribute to the original construction of the problem.  (6) The therapist is interested in finding out how the problems fist became evident, and how they have affected clients' views of themselves.  (7) Narrative therapist attempt to engage people in deconstructing problem-saturated stories, identifying preferred directions, and creating alternative stories that support these preferred directions.  Externalization and Deconstruction - ✅✅(1) Narrative therapists believe it is not the person that is the problem, but the problem that is the problem.  (2) These problems are often products of the cultural world or of the power relations in which this world is located.  (3) Externalization is one process for deconstructing the power of a narrative.  This process separates the person from identification with the problem.  When clients experience the problem as being located outside of themselves, they create a relationship with the problem.  Separating the problem from the individual facilitates hope and enables clients to take a stand against specific story lines, such as self-blame. of how insignificant it might seem to the client.  (4) The therapist talks to the client about moments of choice or success regarding the problem.  (5) It is within the account of unique outcomes that a gateway is provided for alternative versions of a person's life.  Questions that lead to the elaboration of preferred identity stories:  What do you think this tells me about what you have wanted for your life and about what you have been trying for in your life?  (ii) How do you think knowing this has affected my view of you as a person?  (iii) Of all those people who have known you, who would be least surprised that you have been able to take this step in addressing your problem's influence in your life?  (iv) What actions might you commit yourself to if you were to more fully embrace this knowledge of who you are?  (b) Circular Questions (the development of unique outcome stories into solution stories)  Now that you have reached this point in life, who else should know about it?  (ii) I guess there are a number of people who have an outdated view of who you are as a person. What ideas do you have about updating these views?  (iii) If other people seek therapy for the same reasons you did, can I share with them any of the important discoveries you have made?  Alternative stories and reauthoring - ✅✅(1) The point in the narrative interview when clients make the choice of whether to continue to live by a problem-saturated story or create an alternative story.  (2) The therapist works with clients collaboratively by helping them construct more coherent and comprehensive stories.  Documenting the evidence - ✅✅(1) Narrative practitioners believe that new  What are key strengths of NT from a multicultural perspective - ✅✅(1) Social constructionism is congruent with the philosophy of multiculturalism.  (2) With the emphasis on multiple realities and the assumption that what is perceived to be a truth is the produce of social construction, the postmodern approaches are a food fit with diverse worldviews.  (3) The second constructionist approach to therapy provides clients with a framework to think about their thinking and to determine the impact stories have on what they do.  (4) Narrative therapy is grounded in a sociocultural context, which makes this approach especially relevant for counseling culturally diverse clients.  Narrative therapists operate on the premise that problems are identified within social, cultural, political, and relational contexts rather than existing within individuals.  They are very much concerned with considering the specifications of gender, ethnicity, race, disability, sexual orientation, social class, and spirituality and religion as therapeutic issues.  Therapy becomes a place to re-author the social constructions and identify narratives that clients are finding problematic.  (5) Narrative therapy is a relational and anti-individualistic practice.  (6) Therapist do not approach clients with a preconceived notion about their experience.  What are key shortcomings of NT from a multicultural perspective - ✅✅(1) A potential shortcoming of the postmodern approaches pertains to the not-knowing stance the therapist assumes, along with the assumption of the client-as-expert.  (2) Individuals from many different cultural groups tend to elevate the professional as the expert who will offer