Soil and Water Pollution and Bioremediation: PSS 269 Course Overview - Prof. Donald Savage, Assignments of Plant Taxonomy and Evolution

Download Soil and Water Pollution and Bioremediation: PSS 269 Course Overview - Prof. Donald Savage and more Assignments Plant Taxonomy and Evolution in PDF only on Docsity! PSS 269: Soil and Water Pollution and Bioremediation Course outline and review of syllabus Brief Review of Soils Tour of World Soils Break Classes of Pollutants Web presentation on soil C sequestration Service-learning aspect Course outline Text (optional): Soils and Environmental Quality, 3rd edition. Pierzynski, Sims and Vance. Will be on reserve: Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils; Biodegradation and Bioremediation. Office hours: Tuesday/Thursday 10-noon. Any other time—email me. dross@uvm.edu or donald.ross@uvm.edu Soil texture is defined by the percent sand, silt, and clay (and nothing else). Properties of clay Clays have extremely large surface area, up to 800 m2 per g (less than 1/4 teaspoon)! Clay-size particles (or colloids) also usually have a surface charge, most often negative. These properties allow clays to adsorb water and charged ions. Major types of clay-size particles: layer silicates (often called clay minerals) iron, aluminum, and manganese oxides Properties of soil organic matter Organic carbon compounds are constantly cycling in soils. The carbon can be found in living soil biota and roots, in plant and animal residues, and in more stable humic substances. Organic matter usually improves a soil’s water- holding capacity, structure, aeration, and nutrient supply. Structure is affected by numerous factors including texture, organic matter, and management. Structure has a huge impact on how water and dissolved or colloidal substances move through a soil. Roots and soil biota contribute to organizing soil particles into peds or aggregates. @ Cyt aC Ameocha 4 Flagellate y= = Bacterial ‘Colonies ae Nematede e™= Clay-Organic Matier complex E ] Water fi Decomposing Plant Cells ot, Actinamycetye hyphae and Spores ke Fungal Hyphae and Spares Source: Moore, 1983  Organic horizons (> 17“oorganic carbon ) found in Organic soils and commonly at the surface of wet mineral soils. Surface or near surface mineral horizons showing evidence of eluviation and / or in situ organic matter accumulation. Mineral horizons characterized hy enrichment of illuvial organic matier, seay uioxides, or clay; or hy the development of soil structure; orhy a change in coloring denoting hydrolysis, reduction, or oxidation Mineral horizons unaffected hy pedogenic processes except for gleying and accumulation of carbonates and soluble salis.  oo) Ne ‘ Orthic Black Chernozem Black Solodized Solonetz Podzol  Composition of igneous rocks and some differing soils. Compound Average of igneous rocks Montnoril- lonite (France) Kaolinite (Virginia) Allophane (Belgium) Clay soil (Costa Rica) % % % % % SiO2 60 51 45 34 26 Al2O3 16 20 38 31 49 Fe2O3 7 0.8 0.8 trace 20 MgO 4 3.2 0.1 -- 0.7 CaO 5 4.6 0.1 2.3 0.3 Na2O 4 0.04 0.7 -- 0.3 K20 3 0.1 0.1 -- 0.1 from Bohn et al. 1985. Soil Chemistry, 2nd ed. ) ENTISOLS Entisols - Soils that have little or slight development and properties that reflect their parent material. They include soils on steep slopes, flood plains, and sand dunes. They occur in many environments. DOMINANT SUBORDERS HB Aquents HB orthents HH rents) Psamments WW Fluvents  » INCEPTISOLS Inceptisols - Soils that have altered horizons but still retain some weatherable minerals. These soils occur in a wide range of temperature and moisture environments. DOMINANT SUBORDERS BB Anthrepts HEM Udepts BB aquepts I Ustepts WD cryepts ) Xerepts ) GELISOLS Gelisols - Soils that commonly have a dark organic surface layer and mineral layers underlain by permafrost. These soils are commonly in the tundra regions of Alaska. DOMINANT SUBORDERS BD histels B® orthels WE turbels ) HISTOSOLS Histosols - Dark soils that have slightly decomposed to well decomposed organic materials derived from sedges, grasses, leaves, hydrophytic plants and woody materials. These soils dominantly are very poorly drained and occur in low-lying areas. DOMINANT SUBORDERS WB cibrists MBB saprists BB folists Hemists  D SPODOSOLS Spodosols - Soils in humid areas that have a light gray eluvial horizon over a reddish, aluminum- and/or iron-enriched horizon. They are in Eastern states, Lake States, the Pacific Northwest, and Alaska. They commonly have a coniferous tree cover. DOMINANT SUBORDERS TE Agquods MEE orthods WB cryods BB tumods | W is ce — ) MOLLISOLS Mollisols - Soils that have a dark surface horizon. These soils formed from nutrient-rich parent material, and are commonly in grasslands. They are dominantly in the Great Plains and Western States. 4 Z a f DOMINANT SUBORDERS B® bolts Rendolls Xerolls HB Aquos HB udotls a WH cryolls Ustolls  ULTISOLS enriched subsoil that is low in nutrients. These soils are dominantly in the southeastern United States. With soil amendments they are productive for row crops. DOMINANT SUBORDERS BB Aquutts HB ustutts MB tumuts OD xerutts =) Udults  i [3 VERTISOLS Vertisols - Clayey soils that shrink and develop cracks when they dry and swell when they become moist. The shrinking and swelling can damage buildings and roads. They are dominantly in the Central and Western states. : % a 4 DOMINANT SUBORDERS HB Aquerts HEB Uderts HB cryerts MB usterts HB torrerts HB) Xererts